PRODUCTION OF ALKYD RESIN USING WATER MELON SEED OIL (CITRULLUS   LANATUS)

ABSTRACT

Alkyd resin was prepared using the seed oil of water melon (Citrullus Lanatus). The extraction of the seed oil of CitrullusLanatus was done by solvent extraction method using n-hexane as the solvent. The physicochemical properties of the oil were determined using standard analytical procedures, the result of the physicochemical properties of the oil is as follows; colour (yellow), specific gravity (0.9), saponification value (181mg KOH g-1). Iodine value (68.63g of iodine/10g of oil), Refractive index at 400C (1.45), Acid value (0.81mg KOH/g) and free fatty acid (12.1mg KOH/g). The result of the physicochemical properties of the oil revealed that the oil is a drying oil since its iodine value is less than 100. The percentage yield of alkyd resin based on the oil is 80%, this shows that the oil is ideal for the production of alkyd resin. The physicochemical properties of alkyd resin produced from the seed oil of water melon (Citrullus Lanatus) revealed that the alkyd resin has good viscosity (23% at 30oC), flexibility (flexible) adhesion (Hard) and drying properties (which involves hard dry (tested after 24hour) and surface dry (tested after 2hours)).

LIST OF TABLE

Table 1.1        Alkyd resin Based on oil length             8

Table 1.2               Structures of some fatty acids found in vegetable                            oil                                                   12

Table 2.1       The antioxidant activity of the tocopherols                              diminishes from  to β- tocopherols.      16

Table 4.1               The % yield of the water melon seed oil     25

Table 4.2               The result of the physicochemical analysis of water                   melon seed oil                                       26

Table 4.3               The % yield of alkyd resin based on oil        26

Table 4.4               physicochemical properties of the prepared alkyd                                    LIST OF FIGURES

Fig  2.1  Trimethylolathane (Hydroxy methane) 2-methyl- 1,3-                 propanol and Trimethylol (Hydroxmethyl)-1,3,                        propanediol                                                     9

Fig 2.2   Sorbitol                                                           10

Fig 2.3    Reaction of fatty acid with alkyd                         11

Fig 2.4   Lecithin (phosphotidyl)                                      14  

Fig 2.5   Cephaline (phosphotidyl ethanol amine)                      14

Fig 2.6    Sitosterols                                                      15

Fig 2.7    Stigmasterol                                                   15

Fig 2.8    Principal tocopherols                                               16

Fig 2.9    Alcoholysis of alkyd resin                                         17

Fig 2.9.1 Esterification of alkyd synthesis                          17

Fig 2.9.2 Equation of the reaction of the Alkyd synthesis     18

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page                                                                     i

Certification                                                                  ii

Dedication                                                                    iii

Acknowledgement                                                          iv

Abstract                                                                              v

List of table                                                                  vi

 List figures                                                                  vii

Table of content                                                                   vii

CHAPTER ONE:INTRODUCTION                                                      

1.1    Background of the study                                          1

1.2     Statement of problem                                             3

1.3    Objective of the study                                              4

1.4    Significance of the study                                          4

1.5    Scope of the study                                                  4

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW                                      

2.1      Origin of Alkyd Resin                                               5

2.2      Classification of Alkyd Resin                                     6

2.2.1        Drying (oxidizing) alkyds                                      6

2.2.2        Semi-drying alkyds                                              7

2.2.3        Non-drying (non-oxidizing) alkyds                         7

2.3 Raw materials for alkyds resin synthesis                      8

2.3.1                Polyhydric alcohols                                           8

2.3.2                Polybasic Acids                                                       10

2.3.3                The triglyceride oils                                          11

2.3.3.1Composition of Vegetable Oils                               13

2.4   Reactions involved in alkyd synthesis                          17

CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHOD                      

3.0      Materials and method                                              19

3.1 Materials                                                                 19

3.1 Apparatus                                                               19

3.1.1 Reagents                                                                     19

3.2 Methods                                                                 19

3.2.1 Collection of samples                                             19

3.2.2 Procedure for extraction of Oil from seed of water melon 20

3.2.3 Determination of the percentage yield of water

       mellon seed oil                                                          20

3.2.4 Determination of the physicochemical properties of the oil       (water melon)                                                              20

3.2.5 Determination of the specific gravity of the oil              20

3.2.6 Determination of free fatty acid value                          21

3.2.7 Determination of iodine value                                            22

3.2.8 Determination of the acid value                                  23

3.2.9 Preparation of the alkyd resin                                      23

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.0      Results and discussion                                               25

4.1 Discussion                                                                       26

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0      Conclusion and Recommendation                              28

5.1      Conclusion                                                             28

5.2      Recommendation                                                    28

References                                                                   29

CHAPTER ONE:

1.0     INTRODUCTION

1.1BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Polymerization is one of the most industrial processes. Resins and emulsion are two main classes of polymer (Mark , 1964).

The term “alkyd” was originally used by kienle in 1927 to describe the reaction products of polyhydric alcohols and polybasic acids. Extensive commercialization of special classes of polymeric esters which are not recognised as alkyds has forced a more limited definition. For example, among the polymeric esters which are alkyds by kienle’s definition are the unsaturated polyesters polymerised with styrene and the saturated polyesters reacted with isocyanites.

The term “alkyd” now tends to specify polyesters. Products composed of polyhydric alcohols, polybasic acids, and fatty mono basic acids. These materials (alkyds) are used chiefly in the coatings industry where they form non-volatile binder (or vehicle) in the manufacture of paints and varnishes. In this industry, the term alkyd, alkyd resin, and alkyd solution are used interchangeably (Sanler,1998).

The term “modified alkyd” is associated with chemical modifications that are carried out during alkyd resin preparation and that incorporate chemical agents of types other than those included in the definition. For example, if the alkyd polyesters formation takes place in the presence of vegetable oil, the polyester product will possess fatty acids residues on its chain and the resin is called oil modified alkyd resin. On the other hand, when no fatty acids are used, or when they are completely replaced by other types of acids, the product can be considered as “oil-free” alkyds (Patlon,1972).

Alkyd resins are by far the most important class of coating resins. It is estimated that alkyd resins contribute about 70% to the conventional binders used in surface  coating is largely due to their unique properties such as film hardness, durability gloss and gloss retention, resistance to abrasion, impacted on them through modification with drying oil (Patlon, 1962).

Alkyd resins are used in both clear and pigmented, industrial and trade coating to protect and decorate a wide variety of substances. The industrial coatings or finishes generally are applied during the manufacturing process of the item which they cover. Often, they are specifically formulated to meet both conditions desired for their application and the endless use of the article of manufacture. The industrial finishes include primers and top coats for refrigerators, furniture and electrical equipment. In view of the development of these items and sectors, the positive growth is expected for paint industry (Waters, 1955).

Further, the paint industry envisages a future expansion in view of development in corrosion resistance coatings, expansion in housing activity and other industry uses. The demands of alkyd resin being an ingredient in paint, varnish and printing ink industry would be linked with the paint industry.

There are many significant efforts that have been made to increase alkyd resin production. Many researchers have attempted to search the different sources for alkyd resin preparation. (Ikhuoria, 2004) studied enhancing the quality of alkyd resins using methyl esters of rubber seed oil in 2004.

A lot of alkyd resins were imported to Myanmar paint industries every year. In order to save foreign currency out flow, it is needed to produce alkyd resin in Myanmar. The oils that are mostly employed for alkyd resin synthesis are linseed oil, soya bean oil, dehydrated castor oil, fish oil and tall oil. Myanmar being rich in aquatic and terrestrial resources every state and division is pursuing the target of putting 500,000 acres under physic nut (castor oil) in the national development endeavours that are being carried out by the nation target (Mark,1964).

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Alkyd resin has been reported to have various uses in coating and paint industries. This has prompted this research work on the production of alkyd resin using the seed of water melon (Citrullus Lanatus).

1.3        OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

·        To extract oil from the seed of citrullus lanatus.

·        To evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics of the oil extracted from citrullus lanatus

·        To use the seed oil of citrullus lanatus to produce alkyd resin.

·        To determine the physicochemical properties of the alkyd resin produced from the oil of citrullus lanatus

---

---