A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE AMNESTY PROGRAM FOR NIGER DELTA MILITANTS. 2019-2022

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Nigeria's Niger Delta has long been the center of major social, environmental, and economic problems. The region's abundance of oil resources has been both a benefit and a curse for the locals (Okpebenyo, etal 2023). Violent conflicts, socioeconomic inequality, and environmental destruction have all resulted from the discovery and extraction of oil. The early 2000s saw the height of the region's instability, which was marked by aggressive actions meant to impede oil production and raise awareness of the region's predicament. Even though crude oil was discovered in Nigeria's Niger Delta in commercial quantities for the first time in 1956 (Adeleke, 2020), it wasn't until the 1990s that locals, particularly Ken Saro Wiwa and many others, started drawing attention to the environmental, economic, human, health, and social catastrophes caused by uncontrolled and unsustainable oil exploration in the region (Cajetan & Iheka, 2020). Decades of economic marginalization, political marginalization, and environmental degradation have beset this well-known, resource-rich region. As a result, militant organizations formed with the goal of using violent conflict to settle these issues. 

The Niger Delta militant organizations were opposing the exploitation and disregard by the Nigerian government and international oil firms, and their actions were causing bloodshed and instability (Isodore, 2013). To address these issues, the Amnesty Program was initiated. The initiative provided militants who gave up their weapons and gave up violence with an unconditional amnesty, rehabilitation, and reintegration. Important elements were financial stipends, education, and vocational training designed to help ex-militants reintegrate into society. President Umaru Yar'Adua pardoned militant organizations operating in the Niger Delta in 2009. This followed ten years of rebellion in the oil-rich area of Nigeria. Amnesty was purposefully crafted to prevent more hostilities with extremists, reduce the spread of small guns, halt kidnapping, and restrict the damage to gas and oil installations. Disarming, demobilizing, and reintegrating militants into civil life were further goals of amnesty. 

The Amnesty Program underwent a number of changes between 2009 and 2018 in response to new issues and complaints. Even though it was successful in reducing widespread violence and reviving the oil industry, problems with corruption, financial mismanagement, and insufficient rehabilitation and reintegration programs emerged. The program's detractors claimed that it had turned into a vehicle for political patronage, helping a small group of people at the expense of addressing the underlying issues that lead to militancy, such as dearth of basic infrastructure, poverty, and environmental degradation.

President Muhammadu Buhari's administration introduced new dynamics to the Amnesty Program between 2019 and 2022. Reforms were attempted in order to improve the program's efficacy, accountability, and transparency. Community development programs, enhanced oversight, and accountability were among the major changes that occurred during this time. The Amnesty Program continued to function from 2019 until 2022, with its administration being overseen by the Presidential Amnesty Office. The course of the program was defined by a number of initiatives and difficulties during this time.  In order to evaluate the Amnesty Program for Niger Delta Militants from 2019 to 2022, this study will look at its advantages, disadvantages, possibilities, and risks. In order to evaluate the Amnesty Program for Niger Delta Militants from 2019 to 2022, this study will look at its advantages, disadvantages, possibilities, and risks. 

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The Amnesty Program was established by the Nigerian government in 2009 with the aim of disarming, demobilizing, and reintegrating militants from the Niger Delta. The initiative remained committed to providing ex-militants with educational and vocational possibilities. Training was provided to thousands of ex-combatants in a variety of industries, including computer technology, agricultural, and seafaring. These initiatives sought to give them the tools needed for independent living and productive employment. (Niger Delta Development Commission, 2020).Large-scale insurgent activity and attacks on oil infrastructure, which had previously severely hindered oil production, decreased as a result of the program. But violent occurrences and criminal activity continued on an intermittent basis, suggesting that some ex-militants continued to engage in illegal activity since there were not enough economic options. (International Crisis Group, 2021).

However, from 2019 to 2022, the region was plagued by ongoing insecurity, bloodshed, and economic stagnation. Allegations of corruption, lack of transparency, inadequate funding, and poor implementation have tarnished the program's success. Critics claim that the program lacks a long-term plan for sustainable development in the Niger Delta and is unduly focused on quick disarmament. Relying on cash stipends in the absence of strong economic possibilities runs the risk of promoting false socio-economic empowerment instead of sustaining dependency (Aghedo, 2015). The approach ignored the larger socioeconomic requirements of the Niger Delta communities while focusing on formerly militant individuals. Problems including deteriorating environmental conditions, poor infrastructure, and a shortage of essential services keep people angry and undermining efforts to achieve peace (UNEP, 2011).

Even though a lot has been written about this area and the amnesty program, and even though certain leaders have tried to change it since President Yaradua took office, there is still a lack of information regarding the program's actual achievements. Therefore, the goal of this study is to examine the program's evolution from the beginning, as well as its shortcomings and the forces that work against it. In doing so, this study bridges the evident fat gap.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

This study's main goal is to objectively evaluate the impact and efficacy of the Niger Delta militant amnesty program from 2019 to 2022, determining whether it was successful or unsuccessful and why in relation to the following goals:

To evaluates how well the Amnesty Program has worked to disarm and demobilize insurgents in the Niger Delta. 

To evaluate how the Amnesty Program affects the recipients' economic empowerment and development. 

To look at the difficulties and shortcomings in the Amnesty Program's execution. 

 To evaluates how well the program has worked to address the underlying issues that lead to militancy in the area. 

1.4 Research Questions

How well did the Amnesty Program work to disarm and demobilize the terrorists in the Niger Delta? 

How does the Amnesty Program affect the recipients' economic growth and sense of empowerment? 

What were the obstacles and weaknesses in the Amnesty Program's execution? 

To what extent did the program succeed in tackling the underlying reasons of militancy in the area? 

1.5 Significance of the Study

In addition to adding to the amount of knowledge already available on conflict resolution, peace building, and development in the Niger Delta, this study will offer insights into global best practices in these areas, guiding projects in other nations and regions. This research work will entail how well the amnesty program has worked in addressing the underlining issues that led to the provocation of militancy in the region. Furthermore, this study will bring to bear the difficulties as well as shortcoming that were intertwined in the in the amnesty program thereby militating against it effectual execution. The study will be focal because it holds an evaluation of the program, how it affected the recipients in view of economic empowerment and human capital development. Finally, the study is an evaluation of the workability of the amnesty program in disarming these militants and demobilizing insurgents within Niger Delta

1.6 Scope of the Study

Nigeria's Niger Delta region more especially, the states of Bayelsa, Delta, Edo, Rivers, Akwa Ibom, and Cross River will be the study's primary emphasis. As the hub of Nigeria's oil industry, this area has seen serious environmental and socioeconomic problems as a result of oil extraction operations. Additionally, the study will look at the implementation and effects of the Amnesty Program from 2019 to 2022. The study will evaluate the effectiveness, and applicability of this program in terms of providing former combatants with stable means of subsistence. The study is confined to make research within the timeframe of 2019 – 2022. Notwithstanding, underlining events prior to 2019 are also covered in the course of the research.

1.7 Limitations of the Study

The study admits that the reliability and accessibility of the information are limited. However, the researcher tried to verify data from other sources to guarantee the legitimacy and correctness of the conclusions. The Amnesty Program's long-term effects may not be fully captured by the study, which only looks at the years 2019 to 2022. Robust fieldwork in the Niger Delta necessitates substantial financial and logistical support. Budgetary restrictions may restrict the extent of primary data collection and the capacity to thoroughly cover all pertinent topics. There has historically been instability and sporadic violent outbursts in the Niger Delta. The researcher's access to specific regions was restricted due to safety concerns, which also hindered his capacity to obtain personal knowledge.

1.8 Research Methodology

This study uses a qualitative research design and a historical perspective to understudy the amnesty program from 2019 to 2022; the initiation phase, application, and consequences of the Amnesty Program. As a result, records, reports, and papers from local, regional, and international parties engaged in the Amnesty Program were compiled.

1.9 Definition of Terms

Amnesty: Amnesty is a formal pardon or forgiveness for past transgressions, crimes, or political sins bestowed upon people or organizations by a government or authority, frequently on the stipulation that they won't be held accountable or punished for their prior deeds. 

Militants: People or organizations that use violence or hostility to further their political, intellectual, or social goals are known as militants. 

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