AN ASSESSMENT OF DECENTRALIZATION AND THE CHALLENGE OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE IN CAMEROON

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Strongly influenced by the principles of New Public Management, decentralisation reforms have been implemented worldwide in both developed and developing countries since the early 1980s. These reforms involve transferring authority, duties, and resources from central governments to local levels of government. The revolution in public sector governance was driven by voters' unhappiness with the preceding era's public governance, as stated by the OECD in 2019. Decentralisation is transferring powers and resources from the central government to local democratic authorities (Ragin & Amoroso, 2019). The tool aims to enhance governance and reduce insecurity by decentralising decision-making authority to the local populace. The Cameroonian authorities have decided to speed the decentralisation process to address the accusations that have fueled the Anglophone problem since 2016. A recent research in 2015 has extensively shown the strong connection between democracy and security in respect to the perception and representation of the state/region relationship. Decentralisation is a prominent policy strategy in several nations globally, focused on shifting authority, duties, and assets from central government bodies to local governance levels (Pollitt & Bouckaert, 2017). In Cameroon, decentralisation has been a key focus of government changes, especially since the Decentralisation Law was passed in 2004. The Act was designed to transfer administrative and budgetary duties to local councils, promoting more involvement, independence, and growth at the community level. 

Despite decentralisation plans being implemented, Cameroon still faces several issues in local government. The obstacles arise from a range of causes, such as institutional, political, economic, and socio-cultural dynamics. It is essential to comprehend these obstacles to assess the efficacy of decentralisation initiatives and pinpoint areas for improvement (Pajollari, 2017). One major obstacle to decentralisation in Cameroon is the unequal allocation of authority and resources between the central government and local councils. Decentralisation legislation exist, however variations in their execution typically result in restricted autonomy and decision-making authority for local governments. Furthermore, the distribution of resources is a controversial matter, since discrepancies in financing across various areas worsen inequality and impede local development efforts (Drucker, 2016). 

Political forces have a significant role in shaping the process of decentralisation in Cameroon. Historically, the concentration of political power has marginalised some areas or populations, resulting in tensions and disputes over representation and resource distribution. Political patronage and clientelism may hinder the efficient operation of local government systems, reducing accountability and transparency (Caiden, 2017). 

The decentralisation process is made more difficult by economic problems. Local governments often may not have the necessary financial resources and technical expertise to efficiently provide basic services. Disparities in the economy between urban and rural regions worsen inequities in service delivery, leading to social exclusion and impeding fair development results. 

Socio-cultural elements are equally important in influencing decentralisation trends. Cameroon has ethnic and linguistic diversity, characterised by unique cultural norms and identities. The variations may affect local government procedures, since factors like ethnicity-based politics and traditional power structures can influence decision-making and community involvement (Bakır & In Ertan, 2019). 

To evaluate decentralisation and the obstacles of local administration in Cameroon, a thorough comprehension of these complex processes is essential. Studying the many elements influencing decentralisation results may help policymakers and stakeholders develop ways to tackle current difficulties and enhance more inclusive and efficient forms of local administration. 

1.2 Statement of the problem

Cameroon has seen a substantial decentralisation movement with the goal of strengthening local governments and improving democratic governance at the grassroots level. Nevertheless, several obstacles continue to exist, obstructing efficient local government and preventing the achievement of decentralisation goals (Drucker, 2016). Resource insufficiency, administrative limitations, centralization of power, socio-economic gaps, and cultural variety are significant challenges to establishing decentralised government in Cameroon. This study aims to offer valuable insights into the intricate dynamics of decentralisation and local governance in Cameroon by addressing research objectives. It provides recommendations for policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders to promote more inclusive, responsive, and accountable governance structures at the local level (Pajollari, 2017). Hence, the need to assess decentralization and the challenge of local governance in Cameroon.

1.3 Objective of the study

The broad objective of the study is to assess decentralization and the challenge of local governance in Cameroon. The specific objectives is as follows

To assess the effectiveness of decentralized governance institutions in promoting local development  in Cameroon.

To identify the challenges faced by local governments in implementing decentralization reforms in Cameroon.

To propose strategies for improving the effectiveness of decentralized governance  in Cameroon.

1.4 Research questions

The following research questions have been prepared to guide the study

What is the effectiveness of decentralized governance institutions in promoting local development  in Cameroon?

What are  the challenges faced by local governments in implementing decentralization reforms in Cameroon?

What are the propose strategies for improving the effectiveness of decentralized governance  in Cameroon?

1.5 Significance of the study

The findings of the study will be significant to the following

policy-makers: The findings of this study can inform policy-makers, development practitioners, and civil society organizations about the critical issues and priorities that need to be addressed to improve local governance and promote sustainable development in Cameroon.

Academia: It contributes to academic literature by providing an in-depth analysis of the complexities surrounding decentralized governance in Cameroon, thereby enriching the understanding of decentralization dynamics in diverse socio-political contexts.

1.6 Scope of the study

The study focuses on  assessing decentralization and the challenge of local governance in Cameroon. Empirically, the study will assess the effectiveness of decentralized governance institutions in promoting local development  in Cameroon, identify the challenges faced by local governments in implementing decentralization reforms in Cameroon and propose strategies for improving the effectiveness of decentralized governance  in Cameroon.

1.7 Limitations of the study

Like in every human endeavour, the researchers encountered slight constraints while carrying out the study. Insufficient funds tend to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature, or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire, and interview), which is why the researcher resorted to a moderate choice of sample size. More so, the researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. As a result, the amount of time spent on research will be reduced.

1.8 Definition of terms

Decentralization: the dispersion or distribution of functions and powers

Local governance: the role of formal institutions of local government and its hierarchies