EVALUATION OF OBSTACLES IN THE ADOPTION OF ELECTRONIC INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS WITHIN NIGERIAN PUBLIC LIBRARIES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Academic endeavours serve as the primary avenues through which the educational framework conveys knowledge and skills to students, enabling them to engage in practical experiments and collaborate with peers and instructors for the exchange of insights (Chen et al., 2017). In pursuit of these objectives, libraries are created to facilitate user education, pinpoint suitable information resources for teaching, learning, and research, and consequently, to acquire and distribute both print and digital information resources through purchases, donations, and subscriptions to online databases (Ishola, 2021; Wu et al., 2019). The swift advancement of digital technologies has fundamentally altered the methods by which information is accessed and managed on a global scale, prompting libraries to progressively incorporate Electronic Information Retrieval Systems (EIRS) to address the changing requirements of their users. Public libraries in Nigeria, serving as vital access points to information for the general populace, face significant pressure to modernise and digitise their services in order to align with global trends.

The public library is characterised in various contexts as a tangible space where individuals can access library resources and services. The library is situated within a community and was founded to ensure that all users have unrestricted access to a wealth of information resources available to them (Okafor, 2020). Krass et al. (2022) articulate that the public library serves as the local hub of information, facilitating easy access to resources for users. They are created and supported through public funding and taxation (Aguiyi et al., 2018). Sterling (2019) characterises it as a system that adjusts to its surroundings and reacts to changes sufficiently to thrive and operate efficiently, whereas Salman et al (2014) depict it as a local portal to knowledge created for the advancement of an individual or collective group.

Public libraries are established to serve the interests of the community. This is why Urube et al. (2021) characterise it as a not-for-profit entity, while Salman et al. (2018) refer to it as a public organisation that is established and sustained by the state and the community it serves. It was further characterised as a repository of human experience, unrestricted by space, time, subject, or resources; it has now evolved into an essential component of the cultural fabric of society (Bala, 2019). The role of the public library is multifaceted, benefiting individuals, communities, states, and the nation as a whole. The implementation of EIRS in public libraries across Nigeria is essential for ensuring rapid and effective access to information resources, especially in a nation where information literacy and fair access to knowledge play a vital role in fostering social and economic advancement. Nonetheless, the implementation and use of these systems encounter considerable obstacles, including infrastructural deficiencies and insufficient technical assistance.

Electronic Information Retrieval Systems play a crucial role in assisting individuals in traversing the extensive array of information accessible in diverse formats, such as e-books, journals, and databases. These systems facilitate the swift and efficient retrieval of pertinent information, providing advanced search functionalities that surpass conventional approaches. In Nigeria, public libraries have begun to adopt EIRS, acknowledging their capability to elevate service delivery, enhance access to information resources, and fulfil the research and learning requirements of library users (Ojedokun & Owolabi, 2020). Nevertheless, in light of the evident advantages of EIRS, numerous public libraries across the nation face significant challenges in achieving comprehensive adoption and execution owing to various impediments. The American Library Association (ALA) states that a library environment free from challenges can significantly enhance students' academic pursuits by offering essential resources and support for their success in studies. Moreover, institutions of higher learning that face no obstacles would probably offer seamless access to an extensive array of books, journals, and other pertinent resources that significantly contribute to the students' academic pursuits, thereby enriching their research and educational journey.

A significant challenge lies in the insufficient infrastructure necessary for the effective operation of EIRS. Numerous public libraries in Nigeria function with antiquated equipment, inconsistent internet access, and inadequate power supply, hindering the smooth operation of electronic systems (Adedokun, 2019). Inadequate infrastructure restricts the optimal use of these systems, consequently diminishing their capacity to effectively serve users. A notable challenge lies in the insufficient digital literacy exhibited by both library personnel and patrons. Although EIRS serves as a valuable instrument for information retrieval, its efficacy is contingent upon the users' proficiency in engaging with the system. A significant number of librarians and patrons in Nigerian public libraries lack sufficient training in the effective use of these systems, resulting in underutilisation and frustration (Eguavoen, 2021). In the absence of adequate digital literacy, individuals find themselves hindered in their ability to leverage the advanced functionalities of EIRS, thereby constraining the system's influence on research and educational achievements.

Furthermore, insufficient funding continues to pose a significant obstacle to the implementation of EIRS in public libraries across Nigeria. The majority of public libraries receive financial support from local or state governments; however, numerous institutions struggle with persistent underfunding, which hinders their capacity to adopt new technologies (Igbinovia & Osuchukwu, 2020). Financial limitations frequently result in libraries focussing on fundamental services rather than embracing contemporary information systems, which in turn fosters a dependence on conventional techniques for information retrieval (Adekunle et al., 2019; Iroeze et al., 2017). The lack of funding similarly hinders the development of library personnel, acquisition of contemporary technology, and upkeep of the current EIRS framework.

The resistance to change, both cultural and organisational, presents a significant barrier to the implementation of EIRS in public libraries across Nigeria (Matteson & Gersch, 2020). A significant number of library personnel and patrons are familiar with conventional approaches to information retrieval and may exhibit hesitance in adopting electronic systems, stemming from concerns about job security, diminished independence, or challenges in adjusting to emerging technologies (Usoro & Bassey, 2019). The transition from traditional print formats to digital systems necessitates a transformation in perspective and an openness to adopt innovative working practices, a process that may present difficulties for certain library personnel and patrons.

Beyond the challenges posed by infrastructure, finance, and prevailing attitudes, there exist significant concerns regarding policy and governance that influence the implementation of EIRS in public libraries across Nigeria. The lack of a unified national policy framework regarding the digital transformation of public libraries has led to inconsistent and disjointed implementation of these systems throughout the nation (Adekunle et al., 2019). Public libraries require well-defined guidelines and sufficient backing from the government to successfully incorporate EIRS into their operations (Igwilo & Nnadozie, 2020). In the absence of a clear strategic direction, libraries find themselves attempting to traverse the intricate terrain of digital information retrieval independently, frequently leading to ineffective and uneven execution.

In light of these challenges, the implementation of EIRS in Nigerian public libraries presents considerable prospects for enhancing information accessibility and fostering a culture of lifelong learning. By tackling the challenges to their implementation, public libraries can improve their efficiency, elevate user satisfaction, and more effectively serve their purpose as information centres in the digital era. Consequently, there is an increasing demand for research that investigates the particular obstacles obstructing the implementation of EIRS in public libraries in Nigeria and suggests feasible strategies to address these issues. This research endeavours to tackle these challenges

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The integration of Electronic Information Retrieval Systems (EIRS) in Nigerian public libraries encounters various challenges that impede their successful deployment and use. In the evolving landscape of the digital era, public libraries in Nigeria are progressively anticipated to offer contemporary services that meet users' demands for effective and accessible information retrieval (Ogunbameru & Adebayo, 2020). Nonetheless, in light of the promising advantages that EIRS offers for improving access to diverse information resources, numerous libraries encounter a range of obstacles that hinder their effective implementation.

A notable challenge is the insufficient infrastructure, which encompasses dependable internet access as well as modern hardware and software resources. Numerous public libraries function within contexts characterised by inadequate or antiquated technological resources, which poses challenges in the implementation and maintenance of effective EIRS (Aina, 2019). In the absence of a robust technological infrastructure, individuals encounter significant challenges and inefficiencies in accessing information, which consequently diminishes their engagement and utilisation of library services (Adedokun, 2019).

Another significant concern is the disparity in digital literacy between library personnel and patrons. A significant number of library staff do not possess the necessary skills and training to proficiently operate and manage EIRS, potentially leading to insufficient support for users (Opara, 2021). In a similar vein, individuals may lack the requisite digital literacy skills to effectively engage with these systems, thereby intensifying the difficulties related to their implementation. The absence of knowledge and training may lead to a persistent cycle of underutilisation, preventing the realisation of the potential benefits of EIRS (Eguavoen, 2021).

Furthermore, there exist financial limitations that impede the procurement and upkeep of EIRS. Numerous public libraries function under constrained financial resources, which may hinder their capacity to allocate funds for contemporary technologies, subscriptions to digital databases, and continuous training initiatives for both staff and patrons (Igbeka & Oduwole, 2020; Igbinovia & Osuchukwu, 2020). The constraints imposed by financial limitations may lead to dependence on antiquated systems or a complete absence of systems, thereby restricting access to essential information resources. Moreover, the reluctance to embrace change within the library community can represent a considerable obstacle. Certain library personnel might exhibit reluctance in embracing emerging technologies, driven by apprehensions regarding obsolescence or doubts about the efficacy of electronic information retrieval systems in comparison to conventional methods of information retrieval (Alabi, 2020). This resistance may hinder attempts to implement and incorporate EIRS into library services, resulting in a persistent dependence on antiquated practices that fail to address the changing requirements of users. Given these challenges, it is crucial to undertake a thorough assessment of the barriers encountered in the implementation of EIRS in Nigerian public libraries.

1.3 Objectives of the study

The primary objective of this study is to critically evaluate obstacles in the adoption of electronic information retrieval systems within Nigerian public libraries. Specific objectives of this study are to:

1. To assess the existing condition of public libraries in Nigeria

2. To identify obstacles hindering the adoption of Electronic Information Retrieval Systems (EIRS) in Nigerian public libraries.

3. To evaluate the existing strategies adopted by Nigerian public libraries to overcome obstacles related to the adoption and utilization of EIRS

4. To recommend solutions that can facilitate the successful adoption and sustainable use of EIRS in Nigerian public libraries.

1.4 Research Questions

The following research questions which are in line with the objectives of this study will be answered in this study:

1. 1. 1. What is the existing condition of public libraries in Nigeria?

      2. What are obstacles hindering the adoption of Electronic Information Retrieval Systems (EIRS) in Nigerian public libraries?

      3. What are the existing strategies adopted by Nigerian public libraries to overcome obstacles related to the adoption and utilization of EIRS?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

To determine the effectiveness of this study, the following research null hypotheses will be formulated to guide the study and it will be tested at 0.05% levels of significance.:

Ho: There are no significant obstacles hindering the adoption of Electronic Information Retrieval Systems (EIRS) in Nigerian public libraries.

Ha: There are significant obstacles hindering the adoption of Electronic Information Retrieval Systems (EIRS) in Nigerian public libraries.

1.6 Significance of the study

This research holds considerable importance for numerous parties engaged in the field of public libraries, especially within the context of Nigeria. The objective is to conduct a thorough assessment of the challenges that impede the implementation of Electronic Information Retrieval Systems (EIRS) in these institutions. The research will provide a foundational reference for library administrators, policymakers, library personnel, technology developers, and others involved in the field.

The findings will be of significant value to library administrators and policymakers, enabling them to utilise insights from the study to improve strategic planning and optimise resource allocation. Comprehending the obstacles encountered in the implementation of EIRS will empower them to formulate focused initiatives designed to enhance technological infrastructure, obtain funding, and foster digital literacy among both staff and users. This information is essential for facilitating well-informed decisions that correspond with the changing requirements of the community.

The study will be of significance to library staff, as it pertains to their training and support requirements concerning EIRS. Recognising deficiencies in skills and knowledge will lay the groundwork for creating focused training initiatives, guaranteeing that library staff are prepared to proficiently support users. This will cultivate a more nurturing atmosphere that promotes the efficient utilisation of electronic resources.

Technology developers and vendors will acquire significant understanding of the unique requirements and obstacles encountered by public libraries in Nigeria. Comprehending these challenges will guide the design and functionality of EIRS, allowing developers to devise solutions that more effectively address the requirements of libraries and their patrons. Joint initiatives between libraries and technology providers can result in more efficient systems and improved user experiences.

The research will hold considerable importance for the wider community of information specialists and academics engaged in the fields of library science and technology. The results will enhance the current discussions surrounding digital transformation in libraries, providing a structured approach for future research and cooperative efforts. Disseminating exemplary practices and notable case studies has the potential to foster innovation and enhancement in libraries throughout Nigeria and comparable environments.

This study will provide substantial advantages to both students and researchers. The availability of effective information retrieval systems is essential for achieving academic excellence and enhancing research output. Understanding the challenges to EIRS adoption enables these stakeholders to effectively promote enhancements that significantly influence their capacity to access high-quality information resources. Enhanced access to digital libraries can significantly enrich learning experiences and research results, fostering a more informed and proficient society.

1.7 Scope of the study

Broadly, this study focus is to critically evaluate obstacles in the adoption of electronic information retrieval systems within Nigerian public libraries. Empirically, the study will discuss the existing condition of public libraries in Nigeria, obstacles hindering the adoption of Electronic Information Retrieval Systems (EIRS) in Nigerian public libraries and the existing strategies adopted by Nigerian public libraries to overcome obstacles related to the adoption and utilization of EIRS.

Geographically, the study will be carried out in National Museum library, Lagos state.

1.8 Limitations of the study

Throughout the investigation, the investigators meticulously examined the intrinsic limitations that exist within all human behaviours. A significant obstacle encountered was the insufficient depth of academic inquiry into the topic. An important aspect that influenced the situation was the scarcity of data concerning evaluation of obstacles in the adoption of electronic information retrieval systems within Nigerian public libraries. In light of the undertaking, it proved to be quite challenging to locate the necessary materials, texts, or information and to systematically arrange the data, necessitating a considerable allocation of time and effort.

Furthermore, the conclusions drawn from the study may be limited by the relatively small sample size and the narrow focus of the research, which predominantly centres on National Museum library, Lagos state. Consequently, the results of the study possess restricted practical significance, underscoring the necessity for additional investigation.

Furthermore, the individual faced considerable limitations stemming from financial restrictions. As an individual pursuing academic excellence with constrained financial means, they had to meticulously manage these limitations during their educational journey. The high transportation costs at the research site presented a considerable obstacle in fulfilling the financial commitments associated with travel expenses.

Furthermore, the individual had a busy agenda due to their academic commitments, which included attending lectures and engaging in various educational activities.

1.9 Definition of terms

Information retrieval: Information retrieval is the process of accessing data resources. Usually documents or other unstructured data for the purpose of sharing knowledge. More specifically, an information retrieval system provides an interface between users and large data repositories – especially textual repositories.

ICT: Information and communication technology, abbreviated as ICT, covers all technical means used to handle information and aid communication. This includes both computer and network hardware, as well as their software.

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