EVALUATION OF PUBLIC PERCEPTION ON HOUSEHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN CAMEROON

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Household waste refers to the garbage that is produced as a result of many activities carried out within a household, including cleaning, cooking, fixing empty containers, packaging, and the excessive use of plastic carry bags (Abdullah et al., 2019). Throughout history, humans have generated waste, which encompasses various items such as the remains of animals used for food, numerous stone axes discovered in Olduvia, and the foul-smelling cesspits and concealed piles in Mediaeval Europe. However, a significant surge in waste production began during the industrial revolution, marking the distinguishing feature of modern society (Addo et al., 2017). Waste is more readily identifiable than it is describable. According to Agamuthu et al. (2021), an item can be classified as trash when it loses its usefulness to the owner or when it is used but fails to serve its intended purpose. Solid waste is characterised by a diverse combination of substances, such as fine dust, cinder, metal, glass, paper and cardboard, textiles, putrescible vegetable products, and plastic (Aldaco et al., 2020). Over time, the accumulation of trash surpasses its ability to be controlled.

In many developing nations, like Cameroon, solid waste management (SWM) is mostly carried out by open dumping. This is because it is a cheaper option in terms of capital, operational, and maintenance costs, as compared to other disposal methods (Winter et al., 2018). This unhygienic and unregulated method lacks proper liners, gas collection systems, and leachate collection and treatment facilities, resulting in the contamination of the nearby environment with various forms of air, water, and soil pollution (Choon et al., 2017). The consequences of the inadequate management of home solid waste on public health can be categorised into physical, biological, non-communicable diseases, psychological, and ecological health hazards (Aminuddin et al., 2017; Ncube et al., 2018). Soil, air, and water that are contaminated provide as a favourable environment for the proliferation of biological vectors, including flies, rats, and insect pests. These biological vectors can cause a variety of diseases in a sequential manner, including diarrhoea, dysentery, gastrointestinal problems, worm infection, food poisoning, dengue fever, cholera, leptospirosis, and bacterial infection. They can also cause irritation of the skin, nose, and eyes, as well as respiratory symptoms (Yatim et al., 2017). Inhalation of gases emitted by landfill garbage, such as methane, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide, can lead to inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and impact immunological cells. When hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride are accumulated in the respiratory system, they can induce symptoms such as coughing, chest tightness, and difficulty breathing (Janse et al., 2021).

Non-communicable illnesses are a group of health impacts that can be intimately linked to the management of solid waste in households. Several studies have conducted estimations indicating that the pollution emanating from the dumpsite has the potential to induce several types of cancer, such as liver, pancreatic, kidney, larynx, as well as non-Hodgkin lymphoma (Cesaroni et al., 2021). Additional health consequences under this classification that are noteworthy include congenital malformations, premature infants, congenital diseases, and Down syndrome (Ncube et al., 2017; Norsa’adah et al., 2020). In addition to physical and biological consequences, inadequate management of household trash can result in psychosocial repercussions, including unpleasant odours, ugly garbage, and difficulties with thinking, cognition, and stress (Ncube et al., 2017; Norsa’adah et al., 2020; Ziraba et al., 2017). Ergonomics is a significant aspect to consider when discussing the health implications associated to the working community of residential trash management. The danger of ergonomic difficulties is associated with the alignment of the body, the repetition of movements, and the application of excessive force during movement (Aminuddin et al., 2017).

The majority of the solid waste produced in Cameroon consists of organic garbage that has a high moisture content. Therefore, the treatment and separation of trash at its source is the most crucial stage in waste management (Manaf, 2018). The annual increase in trash production is exacerbated by the limited availability of land for waste disposal, which raises concerns about the long-term viability of present municipal solid waste (MSW) methods that rely on landfills (Moh & Manaf, 2017). However, the main reason for the failure of public involvement in solid waste management is the NIMBY (not in my backyard) mentality and the widespread belief among Malaysians that solid trash is solely a local municipal issue (Addo et al., 2017). Therefore, the majority of waste segregation techniques carried out by garbage-pickers occur inside the informal sector, serving as a means of life for impoverished individuals and an additional source of revenue. However, this practice has detrimental effects on health, exacerbating the socio-economic predicament.

Household solid waste management (HSWM) is an essential component of urban sustainability and public health. Cameroon has experienced a substantial rise in household trash production due to the fast urbanisation, population growth, and shifts in purchasing habits (Ndiaye et al., 2019). However, the management of home solid waste continues to be difficult, since many metropolitan areas face issues such as insufficient garbage collection services, poor disposal methods, and extensive environmental pollution (Ngnikam & Tanawa, 2017). The success of waste management systems is heavily influenced by the way the public perceives and behaves towards them. There is a widespread lack of awareness and comprehension of appropriate waste management methods in numerous communities throughout Cameroon. Consequently, there is a limited level of engagement in activities aimed at reducing, segregating, and recycling waste (Henry & Jun, 2018). The prevalence of informal and dangerous waste disposal practices, such as open dumping and burning, is sometimes exacerbated by cultural attitudes, economic limitations, and a lack of confidence in municipal waste management services (Okot-Okumu & Nyenje, 2011).

Gaining insight into public opinion is crucial for developing and executing efficient waste management programs. Various factors, such as socio-economic status, education, availability to waste management services, and the perceived effectiveness of these services, influence the attitudes and behaviours of families towards trash management (Afroz, Hanaki, & Tuddin, 2010). The issues related to waste management in Cameroon are intensified by the unequal distribution of waste management infrastructure between urban and rural areas. Urban households generally have superior access to rubbish collection services compared to their rural counterparts (Manga, Forton, & Read, 2018). The objective of this study is to conduct a thorough assessment of the perceptions of Cameroonians on the management of household garbage. This assessment will encompass their attitudes, behaviours, and the efficacy of existing waste management policies.

1.2 Statement of the problem

The management of household solid waste (HSW) is a crucial concern in Cameroon due to the increasing urbanization and population growth, which have resulted in a rise in trash production. Despite the attempts made by local government authorities to handle this trash, numerous communities still face insufficient waste collection services, poor disposal methods, and substantial environmental contamination (Manga, Forton, & Read, 2018). These issues are worsened by the public's perception and behavior towards waste management, which have a pivotal impact on the efficacy of any waste management approach.

The management of solid waste in households in Cameroon is confronted with various obstacles, such as poor infrastructure, insufficient collection services, and low public awareness regarding waste management techniques. Several cities in Cameroon face challenges with ineffective garbage collection systems and inadequate resources for waste processing and disposal (Njokua & Nsoh, 2020). These circumstances frequently lead to a rise in illicit disposal, ecological contamination, and health hazards for inhabitants (Nguefack et al., 2021). Although there have been attempts to enhance waste management, the involvement of the general population continues to be a difficult task. A significant number of residents lack sufficient awareness regarding appropriate trash segregation and recycling techniques, hence impeding the efficacy of waste management (Nguefack et al., 2021). Moreover, cultural attitudes and beliefs of trash can influence the extent of people's involvement. In certain areas, garbage may be perceived as a bothersome issue rather than a valuable asset that can be effectively controlled and reused (Boh & Tepe, 2020). To enhance waste management practices, it is essential to address these attitudes by implementing focused educational initiatives and engaging the community.

In Cameroon, the general perception of waste management is frequently marked by a lack of information and comprehension regarding appropriate garbage disposal methods. A significant number of households fail to engage in trash segregation or recycling, resulting in the continued use of informal disposal methods, such as open dumping and burning. These practices provide significant environmental and health hazards (Ngnikam & Tanawa, 2017). The complexity of this problem is exacerbated by socio-economic factors such as poverty, inadequate education, and restricted availability of waste management services. These factors collectively shape public attitudes and behaviors towards garbage management (Jun, 2018).

Moreover, there exists a substantial discrepancy between urban and rural regions in regards to the waste management infrastructure. garbage collection services are more readily available in urban households compared to rural locations, leading to varying public opinions and behaviors towards garbage management. In addition, the perceived lack of effectiveness and dependability of local trash management services erode public trust and deter households from participating in environmentally-friendly waste management techniques (Nzeadibe, 2009). This study aims to assess public perception of home solid waste management in Cameroon in order to address these challenges. Through the analysis of attitudes, behaviors, and socio-economic characteristics, we can gain insight into the aspects that shape public perception.

Objectives of the study

The primary objective of this study is to critically evaluate Public Perception on Household Solid Waste Management in Cameroon. Specific objectives of this study are to:

To evaluate the level of public awareness and knowledge regarding household solid waste management practices in Cameroon

To examine public attitudes towards household waste management in Cameroon

To assess the extent to which the public participates in household waste management programs and practices in Cameroon

To assess the public opinion on challenges that hinder effective participation in waste management practices in Cameroon.

To propose recommendations to enhance public engagement and participation in household solid waste management in Cameroon

1.4 Research Questions

The following research questions which are in line with the objectives of this study will be answered in this study:

What is the level of public awareness and knowledge regarding household solid waste management practices in Cameroon?

What are the prevailing attitudes and perceptions of the public towards household waste management in Cameroon?

To what extent does the public participate in household waste management programs in Cameroon?

What is the public opinion on challenges that hinder effective participation in waste management practices in Cameroon?

What recommendations can be proposed to improve public engagement and participation in household solid waste management?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

To determine the effectiveness of this study, the following research null hypotheses will be formulated to guide the study and it will be tested at 0.05% levels of significance.:

Ho: The level of public awareness and knowledge regarding household solid waste management practices in Cameroon is low.

Ha: The level of public awareness and knowledge regarding household solid waste management practices in Cameroon is high.

1.6 Significance of the study

The study assessing public perception of home solid waste management in Cameroon is of great importance to multiple stakeholders, such as policymakers, waste management agencies, community leaders, and the general public. The knowledge acquired from this study has the potential to stimulate enhancements in waste management techniques, bolster public health, and promote sustainable development. The importance of assessing public perception of home solid waste management in Cameroon resides in its capacity to stimulate advancements in waste management methods, promote public health and environmental sustainability, and provide valuable insights for the development of successful policies and instructional approaches. Through comprehending public attitudes and behaviours, stakeholders can formulate focused solutions that result in more streamlined and participative waste management systems.

The study offers a more profound comprehension of how communities interact with waste management strategies by assessing public attitudes and behaviours. This data is essential for creating focused interventions that target deficiencies in public awareness and engagement, resulting in more efficient waste management tactics. Gaining insight into public views is crucial for developing more efficient educational and outreach initiatives. The study aims to pinpoint areas of public knowledge deficiency and provide customised educational programs to enhance awareness and promote improved waste management practices.

Furthermore, the study's results might provide policymakers with valuable insights into the efficacy of existing waste management regulations and the specific areas that necessitate enhancement. Gaining an understanding of the opinions and levels of involvement of the general public can provide valuable guidance for developing policies that are more closely in line with the requirements and expectations of the community. This, in turn, can result in more successful outcomes in waste management.

Moreover, the study emphasizes the obstacles and difficulties that impede the successful management of garbage, including shortcomings in infrastructure, cultural attitudes, and a lack of awareness. By identifying these obstacles, it becomes possible to devise solutions to surmount them, resulting in enhanced waste management practices and more public participation. The study can assist in developing strategies that promote more community involvement in garbage management. By comprehending the factors that drive or hinder public engagement, stakeholders can employ tactics that promote active participation and foster a feeling of ownership and accountability towards waste management.

Furthermore, enhancing public perception and engagement in waste management can effectively contribute to environmental sustainability through the reduction of pollution and the promotion of recycling. In addition, implementing efficient waste management strategies can result in economic advantages, including lower expenses for cleaning up and higher rates of resource retrieval. The study's findings can facilitate the incorporation of these methods into wider environmental initiatives.

Furthermore, the conclusions of the study can be used as a basis for future investigations into waste management and the way the public perceives it. It has the ability to emphasize areas that need more examination and aid in the creation of new research topics and approaches in the field of waste management and public behavior.

1.7 Scope of the study

Broadly, this study focus is to critically evaluate Public Perception on Household Solid Waste Management in Cameroon. Specifically, this study seeks to evaluate the level of public awareness and knowledge regarding household solid waste management practices in Cameroon, examine public attitudes towards household waste management in Cameroon and assess the extent to which the public participates in household waste management programs and practices in Cameroon. 

Further, this study will focus on assessing the public opinion on challenges that hinder effective participation in waste management practices in Cameroon and it also seeks to propose recommendations to enhance public engagement and participation in household solid waste management in Cameroon.

 The study is carried out in Cameroon. 

1.8 Limitations of the study

During the examination, the researchers observed specific limitations that are intrinsic to all human actions. The primary constraint was the dearth of comprehensive literature on the topic, stemming from the paucity of data on an Assessment of Public Perception on Household Solid Waste Management in Cameroon. Hence, a substantial investment of time and effort was required to ascertain the suitable materials, books, or information and collect data. 

Moreover, this study is limited by its limited sample size and restricted geographic range, predominantly centred on Cameroon. Hence, the ability to apply the findings of this study to a broader context is limited, emphasising the necessity for further investigation. 

Furthermore, the researcher's shortcomings were mostly attributed to financial restraints, as they are a student who lacks the necessary financial resources to support themselves. The excessively high transportation fees at the study site presented a difficulty in fulfilling the financial responsibilities associated with transportation costs.

In addition, the researcher encountered a time limitation as a result of the necessity to carry out this study while concurrently meeting the responsibilities of attending lectures and engaging in other educational activities.

1.9 Definition of terms

Solid waste: solid waste" means any garbage or refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material, resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from community activities.

Solid waste management: The term solid waste management mainly refers to the complete process of collecting, treating and disposing of solid wastes. In the waste management process, the wastes are collected from different sources and are disposed of. This process includes collection, transportation, treatment, analysis and disposal of waste.