HAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The world Technological advancement has ushered in drastic changes in A port is a location on a coast or shore containing one or more harbors where ships can dock and transfer people or cargo to or from land. Port locations are selected to optimize the access to land and inland water, market demand, and sheltered from the wind and waves. The use of the sea as a means of transportation in Nigeria dates back to the 15th century (1485), when the Portuguese sailed in Lagos with their ships mainly to trade in artifacts in Benin City. In the days before the independence to date, the marine industry of the nation is characterized by the domination of foreign ships and / or carriers in developed market economies of Western Europe and America. To control this scenario, subsequent developments have led to the opening of the ports in Apapa and Port Harcourt, roll in the creation of the Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) through the provision of Harbours Act 1954 to charge and discharge as well maintain and develop the ports (Njoku, 2009).

The efficiency of ports is a multiple of what it was before the concession. There is no waiting time for ships as they come in Apapa ; each docks immediately and starts the discharge as compare to what use to happen  back 2004, 2006 till when the improvement sets in  (Barnabas, 2015) Most of the few facilities handling merchandise belonging to the NPA were moribund, so that the transport companies had to hire these facilities from private sector sources, resulting in additional costs. The residence time of goods in ports was so long that the cargo overtime filled most active seaports and led to congestion gigantic port. Work for ship work was controlled by a mafia that controls the dockers’ unions and had no qualms providing less than the hand of paid work. Many local ports that could have been put to good use have been abandoned, giving less options maritime companies. In the sections of the highway ports, massive windows were the norm rather than the exception, and this has done nothing to reduce waste of working hours caused by the movement of the snail-like goods to and from the ports. The resulting congestion leads to shipments to become found as if they have suddenly disappeared into thin air, and in such cases, NPA often seemed impotent make the return of such cargoes fled, to the chagrin of people ‘worker business.

Consequently porous entry points, also known as dangerous miscreants wharf rats swarmed ports also earn their daily bread, leading to predictable misfortune tales on the part of responsible business people. Thus it happened that the clocks rang and welcomed humanity in a new century, the maritime sector in Nigeria, which accounted for 70 percent of all seaborne trade in West Africa, and supported business needs a fifth of the black race, was still rich delay; and ports were classified as some of the most inefficient in the earth.

In fairness to the federal government, there was no lack of trying that the planned maritime system was in a hopelessly chaotic and inefficient state. The government had long made sincere efforts to make the whole harbor area, but there was something missing. In 1955, the previous situation where there was multiplicity of the port authority and the massive duplication of functions gave as the Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) has been streamlined. But this reform has brought his own problem – that of over-concentration and control of the government accountable. The result has been increased inefficiency and corruption.

However, before improving Apapa seaport, at the end of 2004, the Nigerian federal government implemented one of the most ambitious programs ever undertaken concession port. The success of this program is the result of the vision and determination of the government, and the need to address the massive gaps in the sector, which have been strongly inhibit economic development (James et’al 2007). One of these ports in concession by the federal government was the port Apapa. The Apapa port, formerly known as Lagos port complex is the largest port in Nigeria. In terms of size and activity, the port is the most important in which its annual cargo traffic of over 30 million tonnes representing approximately 55 percent of port activity in Nigeria and 25 percent of the countries members of the West Total Economic Community of African States port activities. (Alan et al, 2007).

Port operations and development in Nigeria began in the mid-19th century, long after taking off from the sea of commercial origin. The opening of the Lagos lagoon in the early 1900s marked the first effort towards providing facilities for ocean-going vessels. The Apapa port in the southwest has been reserved for development in 1913 the construction of the first four deep-water spaces 548.64m port began in 1921. The four berths were then extended downstream in 1948 with the construction of an additional 762m of the age of the berth. On the eastern side of the country, the discovery of coal in Enugu led to the construction of the port of Port Harcourt, which opened in 1913.

Despite these developments, the lack of coherent policy framework impeded progress was necessary. In recognition of the importance of ports in the economic development of Nigeria and the need for a coordinated operation and management of port activities, Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) has been designed and implemented in 1954 to address some of infrastructural and institutional weaknesses. In essence, the NPA was responsible for providing infrastructure services and support for the operation of the seaport in Nigeria and facilitating maritime transport in the country. In the first ten years, NPA made efforts to further expand the two ports and ports inherited -Apapa Port Harcourt. He supervised the construction of six berths at 943m, added to those already existing in the port of Apapa, while four berths with a total quay length of 506m have been added to the facilities in the port of Port Harcourt.

However, with the advent of globalization, it has become obvious that the government lacks the resources and management expertise necessary for the proper functioning of a modern seaport. To these, in May 2000, a technical workshop was organized by the Federal Ministry of Transport and the Bureau of Public Enterprises (BPE), in collaboration with the World Bank on achieving greater private sector participation in the provision of port services. In 2001, His Excellency President Olusegun Obasanjo ordered the privatization of the NPA be strengthened. In 2003, the National Council on Privatisation (NCP), the top political body on sector reforms in the country with the BPE that its secretariat started the investment process involving the private sector and the expertise in Nigerian ports with the objectives of increasing the efficiency of port operations, the cost of reduced port services to end users, to eliminate the flow of funds from limited government resources, to stimulate activity and accelerate economic development, and make Nigeria the hub for freight and international trade in West Africa. This led to the full implementation of the concession contract of the port in 2006 (Marine International Business 2007).

Recognizing the new paradigm shift, the management of NPA has taken urgent measures to provide the major infrastructure that responds to pressure requiring the operation of port activities for maximum productivity and income generation. However, the brick walls of not understanding the situation of APM receive the necessary support from the government coupled with the fact that the incessant interference, politicking and corruption had exposed the organization to abuse. Other challenges that drove in the house – reforms include: discouragement due to age and poor infrastructure / superstructure, which was due to difficulties of the Authority to access funds for projects fixed assets; the factory and the insufficient availability of crafts; poor access to the port; vandalism aids to navigation port by undesirable elements; non-competitive environment leading to complacency in any respect; and bureaucracy and external interference in the day to day operations (Marine Business International, 2007).

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In the 1990s, Nigerian ports showed very low levels of efficiency, which resulted in long lead times for vessels and increasing the residence time of the containers. It often took weeks to unload and reload a ship instead of 48 hours considered standard in other regions such as Asia. Furthermore, the workforce was bloated and unproductive, the cargo was subject to massive flight levels, and port charges were excessive. Perhaps worst of all, the port infrastructure required substantial renovation and rehabilitation, and this investment would require substantial external financial support, the federal government was reluctant to provide given the existing operating inefficiencies in the sector.

Apapa Port Terminal, which handles over 90 percent of imports in the country is managed by three major operators; AP Moller, Dangote and sunflower under the 2006 concession agreement with the federal government. Despite this, the Nigerian ports still seems to be performing below expectations with case delay of cargo, congestion and poor ship turnaround times. More than four years after the granting of full operating license to terminal operators in Apapa port for managing terminal operations, investment and maintenance of the structure and the equipment port, one can only expect a positive change in all performance indices

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study are:

1. To assess the impact of port concession in Nigeria as regards Apapa seaport.

2. To determine the role of the management style in the administration of the port of apapa after concession

3. Review the effectiveness of the concession on freight compensation and to assess the impact of port concession on port congestion

4. To determine various options that could cushion the impact as well as avoid future occurrence.

RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

HYPOTHESES ONE

Ho: concession port improves the efficiency of cargo clearing

Ho: concession port does not improve the efficiency of cargo clearing

HYPOTHESES TWO

Ho: port concession helps port congestion

Hi: port concession does not helps port congestion

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The recommendation of the study is hopefully contribute to a more competitive Apapa port in terms of better management and a better administration of the port in the West African region. It is believed that the economy of most developing countries such as Nigeria, are highly dependent on maritime transport system, while it is also responsible for the development of a transport system. This is because the effective port and cargo handling system will encourage shipping companies, importers and exporters to make full use of port facilities in the nation’s seaport. Therefore, the concession is a global phenomenon. It is often rooted in the culture longtime globalization; Thus Nigeria cannot afford to stay away from the global market where capital goods mainly channeled through the ports.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study work is restricted to the period of the study only. The research focuses on impact of port concession in Nigeria. Consequently, the study is restricted to the performance of Apapa port after the concession exercise. Furthermore, it will make it possible for the researcher to finish the research in appropriate time, considering the limitation of time and other constraints one might face in the process of any further attempt to embark on a wider scope. The researcher encountered some constraints, which limited the scope of the study. These constraints include but are not limited to the following.

a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study

b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.