CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1            Background of the study

  The fact that formula feeding can be difficult to achieve in resource poor settings, coupled with breastfeeding’s recorded benefits for preventing malnutrition and serious infectious diseases, has resulted in exclusive breastfeeding being recommended by WHO for women living with HIV in resource poor settings provided they have access to ART. Formula feeding is recommended for women living with HIV in countries in high resource settings (Ngoma-Hazemba and Ncama, 2016; WHO, 2016). The fact that advice for women is different in low and high resource settings has led to a certain amount of confusion about the best approach to breastfeeding for women living with HIV

(Ngoma-Hazemba and Ncama, 2016)

One study from Malawi reported that while the majority of mothers chose to exclusively breastfeed because “that’s the advice they give to HIV-positive women”, most mothers reported mixed feeding in the first six months. A number of reasons were given for this including traditional feeding practices, a poor understanding of what exclusive breastfeeding involves, as well as poor communication about why women should exclusively breastfeed (Levy, 2010).

Research from Tanzania compared two hospitals that offered different infant feeding options. Hospital A promoted exclusive breastfeeding as the only infant feeding option, while hospital B followed Tanzanian PMTCT infant feeding guidelines which promote patient choice. Women in hospital A trusted the advice given and were confident in their ability to exclusively breastfeed, whereas women in hospital B expressed confusion and uncertainty about how to best feed their infants (Vaga, 2014).

In a study carried out in Jos, Nigeria, it was revealed that women who primarily gave formula milk complained of family pressure as their reason for breastfeeding (Sheela, Pam, Dilhatu, Edwina, Buki and Anuri, 2015). In Zaria, mothers that practiced formula feeding complained of feelings of anger and guilt as well as inadequacy for not being able to play their motherly role of breast-feeding their babies. They also complained of high cost of formula, the fear of stigmatization and social discrimination. These often force them to breast-feed (Musa, Muktar and Adulkadir, 2016). Factors that supported formula feeding include active coping ability, disclosure of status to spouse or important family members, household income, educational status of mother, occupation of mother and mode of delivery especially by caesarian section (Yetayesh and Jemal, 2014).