AN EVALUATION OF DENTAL DISORDERS PREVALENT AMONG THE RESIDENTS OF IKOT EDIOM, IBESIKPO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, AKWA IBOM STATE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Dental dysfunction, which impacts 3.9 billion individuals, is a global problem that affects over 50% of the population. Untreated tooth decay ranks as the most prevalent condition out of 291 disorders, according to the Global Burden of Disease Study (Song et al., 2019). Severe tooth loss is the 36th most common ailment, impacting approximately 2% of the world's population (Carlos, 2020). Dental caries is the most prevalent paediatric disease and its incidence is increasing (Eriksen et al., 2020). Dental caries can have long-term detrimental effects on a child's oral and overall health, as well as influence their social and intellectual development. Globally, dental caries affect between 60% to 90% of children of school age, as reported by Eriksen et al. (2020). A significant proportion of dental caries stays untreated as a result of inadequate, costly, or inaccessible oral healthcare treatments (Ji Sun, 2018).

Gingivitis is a common condition that affects people of all ages. According to a study by Eriksen et al. (2020), more than 90% of the global population has some level of chronic gingivitis. If gingivitis is promptly treated, the prognosis is favourable. However, if left untreated, it may advance to periodontitis, leading to tooth mobility and eventual tooth loss (Featherington et al., 2019). In recent times, there has been a change in the worldwide impact of oral health issues, with a decrease in the prevalence of severe tooth loss and an increase in the prevalence of severe periodontitis and untreated caries. However, it is also plausible that the rise in untreated caries and severe periodontitis among younger individuals, particularly in places with limited access to oral healthcare, may result in a higher prevalence of tooth loss in these areas in the coming years (Eriksen et al., 2020). Severe periodontitis is the 6th most common oral condition globally, impacting 5% to 20% of adults and 2% of young people. Worldwide, the prevalence of total tooth loss is widespread, particularly among the elderly (Brayden et al., 2021). According to Eriksen et al. (2020), over 30% of individuals between the ages of 65 and 74 worldwide have no remaining natural teeth. Lacking teeth can have a detrimental impact on one's quality of life, resulting in poor dietary choices, inadequate nutrition, and social seclusion (Song et al., 2019). Oral disorders and ailments can impair the capacity to bite, chew, and swallow foods, potentially restricting food choices and resulting in inadequate nutrition (Banks, 2019). Based on self-reports, the impact on social function can manifest as restrictions in both verbal and nonverbal communication, social engagement, and closeness (Sunny, 2022).

It is commonly recognised that oral health disorders are common. Oral diseases have a considerable influence on a sizable portion of the population, encompassing both males and females across all age brackets (Bala, 2020). Oral diseases cause pain, suffering, and significantly affect the quality of life. Regular dental exams are crucial for the prompt identification and proper management of oral diseases (Manny et al., 2022). Ensuring prompt access to preventive and therapeutic oral health care has the potential to greatly reduce the occurrence of oral health issues in both adults and children. Minimising the occurrence of caries is crucial for children, since it remains the predominant dental health concern for children worldwide (Fred et al., 2019).

Oral health refers to the ongoing care and upkeep of your teeth and gums, requiring regular attention to prevent the development of cavities, infections, and other associated issues. Adhering to proper oral hygiene practices might yield beneficial outcomes for other facets of your general health, such as your cardiovascular system (Son et al., 2021). Failure to adhere to adequate oral hygiene routines can lead to avoidable oral health issues that are easier to prevent than to fix. Poor oral hygiene causes an increased accumulation of plaque and debris in the oral cavity, including the mouth, teeth, and gums, which can lead to the development of periodontal disease. Gum disease, scientifically referred to as periodontal disease, is a bacterial infection that specifically targets the tissues and bones that surround and provide support to the teeth (Banks et al., 2019). Maintaining the long-term health of one's teeth and gums necessitates a lifelong commitment. Establishing proper oral hygiene habits, such as consistent brushing, flossing, and limiting sugar intake, during childhood can greatly diminish the necessity for costly dental procedures and avert potential long-term health complications (Peniel et al., 2023).

Untreated dental issues can result in significant complications such as discomfort, infection, and tooth loss. In Nigeria, dental problems are highly prevalent in rural and semi-urban areas due to restricted availability of dental treatment, insufficient health education, and socio-economic difficulties (Muri, 2022). This study aims to assess the prevalence of dental problems among the population of Ikot Ediom, a village located in the Ibesikpo Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. Ikot Ediom is a semi-urban community situated in the Ibesikpo Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. This locality has distinct healthcare requirements. The inhabitants encounter diverse obstacles, such as restricted availability of dental care facilities, inadequate levels of oral health knowledge, and socio-economic limitations. This study intends to analyse the dental health challenges in the community of Ikot Ediom, with the goal of gaining insights that can be compared to other regions and contribute to a greater understanding of dental health in Nigeria.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Oral health is a crucial component of overall health and well-being, but it is often neglected in many regions across the globe, including Nigeria. Vulnerable people in rural communities, children, and the elderly experience a notably higher prevalence of dental diseases, such as dental caries, periodontal disease, and other oral health issues (Omoniyi, 2023). These diseases can lead to substantial consequences, including chronic pain, difficulties in eating, and diminished quality of life and general health (Akeredolu, 2020).

Studies have shown that most dental illnesses and ailments share common risk factors that are modifiable, including tobacco use, alcohol intake, and an unhealthy diet that is rich in free sugars. These risk factors are frequently linked to the four primary non-communicable diseases: cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory illness, and diabetes (Sholanke et al., 2023). Moreover, there exists a mutual relationship between diabetes and the emergence and advancement of periodontal disease (Mike., 2021). Excessive sugar consumption is directly correlated with the development of diabetes, obesity, and dental cavities (Darren, 2021).  Adeyinka (2023) contends that the prevalence of significant oral ailments is increasing in rural communities primarily due to inadequate exposure to fluoride (in water and toothpaste), the restricted availability and affordability of high-sugar food, and insufficient access to oral healthcare services within the community. The endorsement of high-sugar food and beverages, along with tobacco and alcohol, has led to a rise in the consumption of items that contribute to oral health problems and other non-communicable diseases (NCDs). 

Research indicates that dental disorders are more prevalent in rural and semi-urban regions of Nigeria, primarily due to factors such as limited availability of dental services, lower educational attainment, and socio-economic difficulties (Philip et al., 2022). Dental caries and periodontal disease, which are common dental problems, have a substantial impact on persons' health and quality of life. The literature also highlights a significant requirement for enhanced oral health education and increased availability of dental care in these regions (Philip et al., 2022). This study aims to assess the prevalence of dental problems among the population of Ikot Ediom, Ibesikpo Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, considering the current situation.

1.3 Objectives of the study

The primary objective of this study is to critically evaluate the dental disorders prevalent among the residents of Ikot Ediom, Ibesikpo Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State. Specific objectives of this study are to:

To determine the prevalence of dental disorders among the residents of Ikot Ediom.

To identify the causes of dental disorders among the residents of Ikot Ediom.

To ascertain the various dental disorder prevalent among residents of Ikot Ediom

To assess the effect of dental disorder on the overall health of residents of Ikot Ediom.

To assess the impact of dental disorder on the quality of life of residents in Ikot Ediom

1.4 Research Questions

The following research questions will be answered in this study:

What is level of prevalence of dental disorders among the residents of Ikot Ediom?

What are the causes of dental disorders among the residents of Ikot Ediom?

What are the various dental disorder prevalent among residents of Ikot Ediom?

What are the effect of dental disorder on the overall health of residents of Ikot Ediom?

What is the impact of dental disorder on the quality of life of residents in Ikot Ediom?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

The following research null hypotheses are formulated to guide the study:

Ho: The prevalence of dental disorders among the residents of Ikot Ediom is low.

Ha: The prevalence of dental disorders among the residents of Ikot Ediom is high.

1.6 Significance of the study

This study is important because it fills a crucial void in oral health research by explicitly examining rural areas in Nigeria. It plays a role in enhancing public health, increasing community consciousness, informing policy choices, progressing research, and advocating for fairness in oral healthcare.

Gaining insight into the frequency of dental disorders and the related factors that contribute to them in rural communities such as Ikot Ediom, Ibesikpo Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, is essential for the purpose of public health planning. It aids in determining the distinct oral health requirements of rural people, who frequently encounter distinctive obstacles such as restricted availability of dental care facilities, inadequate oral hygiene practices, and food habits that may contribute to tooth disorders. 

Furthermore, this research has the potential to enhance public understanding of oral health concerns among the population. The project aims to educate citizens and promote preventive measures, such as frequent dental check-ups, correct oral hygiene practices, and dietary adjustments, by sharing information regarding the incidence of dental disorders and their influence on oral health.

Moreover, with its emphasis on rural regions, this study aims to tackle health disparities and inequities in the availability of oral healthcare services. The text underscores the significance of ensuring fair and equal access to dental care and identifies specific areas where interventions might be focused to enhance oral health outcomes for disadvantaged groups. 

Furthermore, the data obtained from your study can provide valuable insights to policymakers and healthcare providers regarding the precise oral health requirements of rural people in Nigeria. This information can provide guidance for the formulation of specific policies, distribution of resources for dental care services, and execution of community-based oral health programmes in order to enhance oral health outcomes.

Finally, this study contributes to the existing knowledge on oral health in rural areas of Nigeria. The study offers empirical evidence that can be utilised by students, researchers, policymakers, and healthcare professionals that are interested in comprehending the epidemiology of dental illnesses and risk variables in comparable rural settings.

1.7 Scope of the study

Broadly, this study focus is to critically evaluate the dental disorders prevalent in Nigeria. Specifically, this study seeks determine the prevalence of dental disorders in Nigeria, identify the causes of dental disorders in Nigeria, ascertain the various dental disorder prevalent in Nigeria, assess the effect of dental disorder on the overall health of Nigerians and assess the impact of dental disorder on the quality of life in Nigeria.

The study is carried out in Ikot Ediom, Ibesikpo Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. 

1.8 Limitations of the study

As with any human undertaking, the researchers faced various minor restrictions during the investigation. The main restriction was the lack of significant literature on the subject, due to the restricted availability of data regarding an evaluation of dental disorders among the residents of Ikot Ediom, Ibesikpo Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom state. Hence, a large allocation of time and labour was necessary to ascertain the proper materials, books, or information and gather data. 

Another limitation experienced by the researcher is language barrier. The researcher encountered challenges in connecting with the members of Ikot Ediom community since they have little or no knowledge of the English language. In order to communicates with respondents of the study, the researcher had to pay for the services of an interpreter.

Furthermore, this study is hampered by its small sample size and narrow geographical reach, focused primarily on Ikot Ediom, Ibesikpo Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom state. Therefore, the conclusions of this study cannot be applied to other scenarios, thus necessitating further inquiry. 

Moreover, the researcher's restrictions were primarily due to financial restraints, as they are a student without any source of money to sustain themselves. The excessive transportation costs at the research location, worsened by the prevalent inflation in Nigeria, provided a substantial obstacle in fulfilling the expenses related with transportation.

Finally, the researcher encountered a time constraint due to the requirement to complete this research while still completing the obligations of attending lectures and engaging in other educational activities.

1.9 Definition of terms

Oral health: Oral health is the state of the mouth, teeth and orofacial structures that enables individuals to perform essential functions such as eating, breathing and speaking, and encompasses psychosocial dimensions such as self-confidence, well-being and the ability to socialize and work without pain, discomfort and embarrassment.

Oral disease (Dental Disorder): Oral diseases encompass a range of diseases and conditions that include dental caries, periodontal (gum) disease, tooth loss, oral cancer, oro-dental trauma, noma and birth defects such as cleft lip and palate.