ASSESSMENT OF GENDER POLITICS AND WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT IN CAMEROON

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Political engagement is beneficial for the functioning of democracy, but, all democracies are plagued by persistent disparities in involvement. Women's rights are founded on the premise that, as autonomous individuals, women are entitled to be part of a society that acknowledges and safeguards their rights under the authority of the state (Bisong, 2018). These rights primarily include the right to actively engage in the political affairs of their country, since the lack, violation, or rejection of this right lies at the heart of women's fight for equal and respectful treatment.

The establishment of a fair, equal, and successful society in a country is commonly acknowledged to rely primarily on a thorough political process and the economic activity of that nation (Bisong, 2018). Gender bias continues to be a significant concern in political processes and socio-economic development throughout cultures worldwide, as democratic governance takes shape (UN Women Cameroon, 2017). However, there are still a small number of women who actively engage in political activities or occupy significant decision-making positions in their respective nations. This research aims to examine the many manifestations of prejudice inherent in gender studies, with a specific focus on the representation and political engagement of women. The existing data on women's participation in politics and positions of power and authority, their decision-making abilities in public and private sectors, and civil societies indicates that despite their numerous efforts, initiatives, and operational strategies, they consistently face opposition to the progress of women in positions, professions, and fields that have traditionally been dominated by men (Fouthe, 2017). This raises concerns about the representativeness of current political institutions. Internationally, the representation of women in legislative seats reveals a gender disparity, with women comprising 19.2% in the House of Representatives and 17.8% in the Senate (Fouthe, 2017). The significant disparity between genders in socio-economic and political processes has led to the emergence of several movements, conventions, actions, theories, and statements by state governments, international agencies, and institutions. These efforts aim to reduce the visible difference.

Over the last several decades, there has been a notable increase in discussions on gender politics and the empowerment of women. This reflects a rising acknowledgement of the significance of gender equality and the empowerment of women for the progress of society, economy, and politics worldwide. Cameroon, situated in Central Africa, has been a significant topic of study, since it deals with the intricacies of gender dynamics within its socio-political environment (Kassa, 2015).

Cameroon, a nation known for its cultural diversity, is home to more than 250 ethnic groups. The country's gender relations are influenced by a combination of customs, socio-economic variables, and governmental systems, resulting in a complicated interaction. Notwithstanding the constitutional provisions and international obligations that advocate for gender equality, women in Cameroon persistently encounter many types of discrimination and marginalisation in both the public and private domains. Gaining insight into the historical origins of gender inequality in Cameroon is crucial for understanding its current expressions. The formation of gender norms and power dynamics in the nation has been influenced by colonial legacies, old patriarchal systems, and contemporary socio-political trends. Cameroon has made significant progress in implementing policies and legal frameworks with the goal of advancing gender equality and empowering women. Nevertheless, the criticism of these measures' efficacy in tackling deeply ingrained cultural attitudes and structural obstacles persists (Kassa, 2015). Examining the discrepancies in the execution and obstacles might provide valuable understanding for policy revision and intervention tactics. The well-being and socioeconomic condition of women in Cameroon are greatly impacted by gender gaps in education, employment, healthcare, and access to resources. An examination of how gender intersects with elements such as class, ethnicity, and geographical location may shed light on the distinct experiences of women and provide valuable insights for focused development projects. Although women in Cameroon's political sphere are becoming more visible, their presence in decision-making positions remains significantly low, as highlighted by Kinge (2015). Examining the obstacles hindering women's involvement in politics and the tactics adopted by women to negotiate male-dominated political arenas is crucial for promoting inclusive governance and democratic processes. Culture has a substantial influence on the formation of gender roles, norms, and attitudes in Cameroon. An analysis of the interaction between cultural practices, traditional beliefs, and gender equality measures may provide valuable insights into methods for improving cultural sensitivity and encouraging community-based ways to empowering women. Therefore, the researcher sought to assess  gender politics and women's empowerment in Cameroon.

1.2 Statement of the problem

The intersection of gender politics, socio-cultural norms, institutional frameworks, and economic inequality in Cameroon plays a significant role in determining the landscape of women's empowerment. Despite the combined efforts of governmental and non-governmental institutions to advance gender equality, women continue to confront complex obstacles that hinder their empowerment in several aspects of life. The enduring nature of gender differences in political representation, access to education, economic opportunities, and healthcare highlights the pressing need to tackle the fundamental challenges within the domain of gender politics (Sundström, 2016). This study seeks to explore the complex dynamics of gender politics and the promotion of women's empowerment in Cameroon. The main objective is to identify the structural obstacles that impede the advancement of gender equality (UNWomen, 2017). This research aims to analyse the relationship between cultural attitudes, legal frameworks, and socio-economic elements to understand the underlying reasons for gender disparity. Additionally, it intends to evaluate the impact of current programmes that aim to promote women's rights and empowerment.  This study aims to enhance comprehension of the intricate dynamics related to gender politics and the empowerment of women in Cameroon. Its ultimate goal is to provide valuable insights that may guide policy interventions and advocacy initiatives focused on promoting increased gender equality and social justice. Hence, the study assess gender politics and women's empowerment in Cameroon.

1.3 Objective of the study

The broad objective of the study is to assess gender politics and women's empowerment in Cameroon. The specific objectives is as follows

To examine the historical and cultural factors influencing gender politics and women's empowerment in Cameroon.

To assess the impact of government policies and legislation on promoting gender equality and women's empowerment in Cameroon.

To explore the role of grassroots movements and civil society organizations in advancing gender equality and women's empowerment in Cameroon.

1.4 Research questions

The following questions have been prepared to guide the study

What historical and cultural factors have shaped gender politics and women's empowerment in Cameroon?

How effective have government policies and legislation been in promoting gender equality and women's empowerment in Cameroon?

What are the strategies employed by grassroots movements and civil society organizations to advance gender equality and women's empowerment in Cameroon, and what challenges do they face in their efforts?

1.5 Significance of the study

This research aims to enhance our comprehension of women's active involvement in formal politics and the resulting consequences in the realm of political progress. The literature on gender in politics is extensive, including several aspects such as gender discrepancy in political activities like voting, campaigning, and leadership. It also examines gender disparities in political knowledge, socialisation, and attitudes, as well as the role of women in political theory. This research primarily examines the involvement of women in official political activities, such as their right to vote, candidature for and occupation of political positions, as well as their impact on political decision-making. 

The study aims to identify effective strategies to enhance women's involvement in politics. It seeks to not only raise awareness about the underrepresentation of women in politics but also to develop and implement practical measures to achieve gender equality in women's political participation at all levels of government.

The findings of the study will be significant to the academic community as it will contribute to the existing literature on the subject matter.

1.6 Scope of the study

The study focuses on gender politics and women's empowerment in Cameroon. Empirically, the study will examine the historical and cultural factors influencing gender politics and women's empowerment in Cameroon, assess the impact of government policies and legislation on promoting gender equality and women's empowerment in Cameroon and explore the role of grassroots movements and civil society organizations in advancing gender equality and women's empowerment in Cameroon.

1.7 Limitations of the study

Like in every human endeavour, the researchers encountered slight constraints while carrying out the study. Insufficient funds tend to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature, or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire, and interview), which is why the researcher resorted to a moderate choice of sample size. More so, the researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. As a result, the amount of time spent on research will be reduced.

1.8 Definition of terms

Gender politics: the power dynamics, societal norms, and expectations surrounding the roles of men and women

Womens empowerment: people having power and control over their own lives.