AN ASSESSMENT ON THE ROLE OF THE MILITARY  IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICS IN  CAMEROONIAN

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Cameroon, a country located in Central Africa, has seen notable political changes subsequent to its attainment of independence from France in 1960 and the United Kingdom in 1961. Throughout its historical trajectory, the country has encountered a multitude of political obstacles, despite its notable cultural variety and rich natural resources (Tabi , 2017). The military's participation in administration and politics has played a pivotal role in defining Cameroon's political environment. The military's involvement in Cameroon's politics may be traced back to the first years after the country's independence. Following its attainment of independence, Cameroon saw a period of political instability characterised by power conflicts among various groups and regions (Sonkey , 2017). The military, often seen as a stabilising entity, engaged in political matters, sometimes by means of coups or direct participation in administration. The impact of this involvement on the establishment of democratic institutions and the strengthening of political authority has been significant. 

The military's impact on politics in Cameroon has changed throughout time in accordance with shifting socio-political variables. The military has had a substantial influence on political results, spanning from the autocratic governance of President Ahmadou Ahidjo to the president of Paul Biya, who has retained power for a period exceeding three decades (Mutah , 2022). The entity in question has actively participated in decision-making procedures, exerting influence on policies, and sometimes exerting direct control over governance systems. Moreover, the engagement of the military in political affairs has intersected with matters pertaining to human rights, governance, and socio-economic progress (Konings  and Nyamnjoh, 2019). There have been documented cases of human rights violations, instances of corruption, and acts of repression, which have prompted apprehension over the military's responsibility and its influence on democratic administration. Moreover, the process of arming certain areas, namely in reaction to separatist activities in Anglophone regions, has added extra complexity to Cameroon's political environment. 

Gaining insight into the military's involvement in Cameroon's politics is crucial for several reasons (Hendricks and Ngah , 2019). The analysis provides insight into the intricacies of power relations and governance inside the nation, hence emphasising the multifaceted nature of democratisation and institutional advancement. Furthermore, it contributes to deliberations on the reform of the security sector and emphasises the need of civilian supervision of the military to guarantee responsibility and adherence to human rights. Ultimately, it provides valuable perspectives on the obstacles and possibilities for achieving political stability and socio-economic progress in Cameroon (Hendricks and Ngah , 2019). Hence, the primary objective of this research is to evaluate the influence exerted by the military on the political landscape of Cameroon. This study aims to provide a full comprehension of the military's influence on governance, democracy, and socio-economic growth in the nation via the examination of historical antecedents, analysis of existing trends, and consideration of future possibilities. This study seeks to provide a scholarly contribution and contribute to policy debates around the intersection of the military and politics in Cameroon by using empirical research and critical analysis.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Throughout history, the military has had a substantial influence on the political dynamics of countries around the globe, and Cameroon is not an exception to this phenomenon (Hendricks and Ngah , 2019). Cameroon has had enduring obstacles in attaining stable political growth, notwithstanding its transition to a multiparty democracy in 1990. In the present situation, it is crucial to undertake an evaluation of the military's involvement in the political development of Cameroon. Nevertheless, there is a lack of extensive research that methodically examines the complex dynamics between the military and political establishments in Cameroon. 

The difficulty at hand pertains to the imperative of investigating and comprehending the degree to which the military has impact on political advancements in Cameroon (Hendricks and Ngah , 2019). The primary concerns that need attention are the historical ramifications of military engagement in political affairs, the methods by which the military exercises its influence, and the consequences of military interventions on democratic processes and governance frameworks. Hence, the need to assess the role of the military in the development of politics in   Cameroon.

1.3 Objective of the Study

The broad objective of the study is to assess the role of the military in the development of politics in   Cameroon. The specific objectives is as follows

To analyze the historical evolution of the Cameroonian military's involvement in politics.

To examine the impact of military interventions on political stability and governance in Cameroon.

To assess the influence of external factors on the military's role in Cameroonian politics.

To propose strategies for promoting civilian control and democratization in Cameroon's political landscape.

1.4 Research Questions

The following questions have been prepared to further guide the study

What is  the historical evolution of the Cameroonian military's involvement in politics?

What is the impact of military interventions on political stability and governance in Cameroon?

What is the influence of external factors on the military's role in Cameroonian politics?

What are the proposed strategies for promoting civilian control and democratization in Cameroon's political landscape?

1.5 Significance of the Study

The findings of the study will be significant to the following

Policymakers: Research on the military's role in politics can inform evidence-based policy recommendations aimed at promoting good governance, accountability, and the rule of law. By identifying key challenges and opportunities, policymakers can develop strategies to strengthen democratic institutions and mitigate the risks associated with military interference.

Human Rights and Civil Liberties organizations: Military involvement in politics often raises concerns about human rights violations and the erosion of civil liberties. Investigating the military's role allows for a critical assessment of its impact on fundamental rights, such as freedom of speech, assembly, and political participation.

Academia: the study will be of benefit to the academic community as it will contribute to the existing literature.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The study focuses on  assessing  the role of the Military  in the development of politics in   Cameroonian . Empirically, the study will analyze the historical evolution of the Cameroonian military's involvement in politics, examine the impact of military interventions on political stability and governance in Cameroon, assess the influence of external factors on the military's role in Cameroonian politics and propose strategies for promoting civilian control and democratization in Cameroon's political landscape.

1.7  Research Methodology

Research methodology deals with the different ways or methods the researcher applied in order to carry out the research as well as the instrument used for gathering the data. There are several research methodologies appropriate for answering the research questions. The type of research methodology used in this research to gather data and relevant information is the historical research and the study will adopt descriptive method of data collection. This will involve the collection of materials from secondary sources, such as books, journal articles, magazines, internet sources, international and national conference proceedings, published and unpublished articles.

1.8 Definition of Term

Development of Politics: Refers to the evolution, transformation, and shaping of political structures, practices, and ideologies within Cameroon. It involves analyzing the factors and actors influencing political dynamics and outcomes over time.

Military: Refers to the armed forces of Cameroon, including the army, navy, air force, and other defense branches. It comprises personnel, equipment, and institutions tasked with safeguarding national security and sovereignty.

Politics: The activities, processes, and dynamics associated with governance, decision-making, and power relations within a society. It encompasses the ideologies, institutions, and actors involved in the formulation and implementation of public policies.