CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

In English Language, there is a strong correlation between oral language skills and achievement in the writtenlanguage among learners in schools. In Nigeria, English remains the undisputed language of school instruction, governance, administration, legislation, judiciary, international relations, unification of the country‘s numerous ethnic constituents, social prestige, and so on (Adeniran, 1980; Okedara 1997; Oluga, Adewusi, Babalola, Oyediran, 1999; FGN, 2004; Osisanwo, 2005).

English language is taught as a subject and at the same time it is a medium of instruction for other subjects in the Nigeria education curriculum.The aim and objectives of teaching oral skills in English being taught in the Nigeria education curriculum is to make the student communicate effectively and intelligently in English. It also helps the student to develop confidence in his ability to express himself in English as fluently as possible and provides an opportunity for thecorrection of mistakes in spoken English.

A good approach to oral language instruction will developsthe reading, writing and speaking skills of the student thereby making the learning of English language more effective and the learning experiences of the learners in other subjects being taught in Secondary Schools more concrete and more enjoyable.

Thisresearch seek to study and identify the factors affecting Oral English instruction in Secondary Schools in Osogbo local government Area of Osun State.

1.1     BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The English language has become greatly valued and adorned in Nigeria’s Educational system. As remarked by Bamgbose, Banjo & Thomas (1995), “the dominance of English in formal and transactional communication is unchallengeable”. In view of the multilingual nature of Nigeria, with more than 400 indigenous languages (Ufomata 1995), English is regarded as the only feasible and realistic choice for the nation now and in the foreseeable future. The greatest efforts expended on English language in Nigeria have been in the area of the Educational system, particularly in relation to Nigerian indigenous languages of which the major ones are Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba, Ibibio, Edo, Fulfulde, and Kanuri. English as the official language of Nigeria and also the former colonial language was chosen to facilitate the cultural and linguistic unity of the country. English, however remains an exclusive preserve of the country’s urban elite, and is not widely spoken in the rural areas which comprise three quarters of the country’s population.

Language planning in Africa has to take place against the background of several factors, including multilingualism, the colonial legacy, the role of education as an agent of social change, high incidence of illiteracy, and concerns for communication, national integration and development (Bamgbose, 2000: 99) Thereforelearners of English language as a second language are mostly faced with the problem of oral proficiency in terms of appropriate pronunciation of English sounds (phonemes) either by virtue of being anew language or mother tongue or first language interference. However, there has been emphasis on the quest for Standard English, hence; an English language Instructor as well as learner must aim at proficiency to a degree of the standard form (Standard English or Received Pronunciation). This enables the instructor and the learner to acquire adequate competence for practical purpose of teaching and everyday communication.

It is on this note, that much emphasis and efforts should be placed on the teaching of Oral English because it will help the learner to develop his or her pronunciation sufficiently to permit effective communication with both native speakers and non-native users. Similarly, it is obvious that common mistakes identified among the teachers and learners of English as a second language today include improper pronunciation, mispronunciation, poor intonation, as well as misrepresentation of phonetic sounds. For instance, most students misplace the qualities and length of vowels. It is in view of these problems that recent development in language teaching and learning has made the teaching and learning of oral English not only a necessity but also a pre-requisite for assessing the learner’s competence in language use and acquisition.

Therefore, since emphasis has shifted to studying varied rules aimed at the identification, interpretation and reproduction of English sounds (phonemes), there is every cause to emphasise and to review the teaching of oral English especially in post-primary schools. Furthermore, speech is regarded as persona which represents an individual’s ability to articulate phonemes according to some established norms. It also entails the ability of an individual to identify and understand the representation and meaning of English sounds. It is quite unfortunate that most of our secondary school learners do not exhibit the knowledge of oral English when using the language which could be associated with the aforementioned factors. In a nutshell, there is the need for concern.

Oral proficiency should be made inherent in both Instructors (teachers)and learners (students). Jowitt(1991) confirms that the emphasis on proficiency in spoken English was introduced in the New National Curriculum in English language for Nigerian Secondary Schools in the 1980s. It was previously neglected in the teaching of English in Nigeria as oral English was made optional for the West African School Certificate students (though a compulsory course for teacher grade II examinations in those days). Roach (2000) confirms that pronunciation teaching has not always been popular with teachers and language theorists and in the 1970s and 1980s. It was fashionable to treat it as a rather outdated activity. It was claimed that it makes learners try to sound like native speakers of Received Pronunciation, which became difficult and led to repetitive exercises, and it also failed to give importance to communication.

Jowitt (1991) comments about the negligence of oral English teaching on teachers. He stated that pupils unconsciously relied on mother tongue models when deprived them of consistent and reliable guidance from teachers, as indeed many of teachers did: assuming that there was a perfect correspondence between sound and spelling. They use orthography as their guide to pronunciation. Anthony (2001) and Uche (1998) emphasise the difficulties of acquiring oracy skills. According to Williams (1990), the factors to be enumerated could be categorised under one factor – the interference of mother tongue. It is worth noting that for the non-native speakers, the mother tongue always affects the acquisition of the second language. This has always, been a major problem in oral English or pronunciation teaching especially in Nigerian schools. Unoh (1986) also examines the situation of oral English in Nigerian secondary schools. He asserts that teaching of English pronunciation in Nigeria suffers from peculiar handicaps unknown to the teaching of English language or any other school subject (for that matter). For any subject to be effectively taught, there are at least three very important conditions that must be met:

1. A high degree of motivation on the part of both student and teacher; and
2. The teachers’ competence in the subject, and his or her mastery of the techniques of imparting knowledge in it.
3. Availability of relevant books as well as standard facilities for practical.

While the aforementioned conditions are rarely achieved in the teaching of English Language, they are also hardly met in the case of the teaching and learning of English pronunciation. Okoli (2000) comments on the need to be proficient in the sound system of a new language and explains that English should be pronounced in the accent normally chosen as the standard form especially the model most often recommended for foreign learners studying standard British English and also Received Pronunciation.

The teaching of oral English in Nigerian secondary schools has previously been overlooked. However, recent development in the teaching of English Language requires greater emphasis on this aspect of English language. Oral English complements the understanding and the use of English language so as to improve the standard of spoken English. According to Idris (2001), not much has been achieved since the introduction of Oral English in our West African School Certificate and National Examination Council due to the problems associated with the teaching and learning of oral English. There are existing publications on phonology written by Linguists such as A.C. Gimson, Daniel Jones, David Jowitt, Peter Roach, among others. Recently, there is the emergence of new publications particularly on Oral English by other language teachers, researchers and scholars such as Mannell, Cox, and Harrington (2009), Akperero (2000), Enyeazu (2001), and Idris (2001). This development has gone a long way in bringing oral English into focus. Its recent inclusion in the English Language Examination Paper (Test of Orals) has drawn the attention of many teachers and students.

Consequently, the teaching of oral English is rather weighed down by various factors which have contributed to the slow pace and ineffectiveness in teaching the course. These factors include:

1. Poor background.
2. Interference of mother tongue.

• Unqualified teachers, poor teaching methodology

1. Lack of constant practice,
2. Lack of orientation and facilities
3. Shortage and limited accessibility to relevant books.

Most of the students in our secondary schools are faced with either one of the problems or the other. Some are deficient due to more than one problem especially students from rural and poor backgrounds. This study examines some of the major challenges that the teaching of oral English could be faced with in Nigerian secondary schools.

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Due to the increasing nature of poor academic performance of secondary school students especially in external examinations like WAEC, NECO, NABTEB or JAMB, many educationists tend to shift the blame on the students lack of interest in the subject being discussed, interference of mother tongue, lack of constant practice by the students, lack of orientation and facilities as well as shortage and limited accessibility to relevant books.

I wish to maintain that though efforts have been put in place to improve Oral English, a good result is yet to be seen and according to Obriri (2007), “Although many concerned pundits have charted numerous ways to simplify the teaching or instruction of Oral English, many more problems are mounting and need to be thoroughly addressed urgently as they are alarming”. The cause of this negative development is certainly because a lot of energy are being channelled only towards the learners’ problems, and not the problem of teaching.

The main concern of this investigation is to identify those problems that are negatively affecting the instruction of Oral English. The inquiry will also look at the efforts that have been put in place to tackle the problem of teaching Oral English, which however have not yielded any practical solution. The factors affecting Oral English instruction in Osogbo Local Government Area range from teacher incompetence, inadequate instructional materials, disgust for the emphasis on the British accent, poor teaching skills, poor motivation for the students, to other problems which could have been caused by school proprietors or the government. The work identifies workable solutions to the factors affecting Oral English instruction in secondary school in Osogbo Local Government Area.

1.3     THE PURPOSE OF STUDY

Nigeria as a country requires a population competent in the English Language in order to keep up with the pressure of globalization which has led to the increasing use of the English Language in all sectors as well as its continued use as the official language and medium of instruction, Oral English is an important part of the language curriculum in Nigeria is also required for learners to be able to understand the structure of the English Language. Thus, it is arguable that proficiency in English is one of the greatest opportunities that the Nigerian education system ought to provide children with. The primary aim of this study is to identify the factors affecting Oral English instruction in Secondary Schools in Osogbo local government Area of Osun State.From the above this study sets out to:

• Assess the methods of instruction of Oral English by teachers in senior secondary school.
• Compare the effectiveness of various method being used for the instruction of Oral English by teachers of senior secondary school via their academic performance,
• Examine the effect of interference of mother tongue oninstructors of Oral English in senior secondary school.
• Compare the qualification of instructors on their ability to perform effectively in their field of work.
• Investigate the influence of relevant books, practical facilities on the instruction of Oral English in Senior Secondary Schools.

1.4     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Is there a significant relationship between good instructional materials and students performance in Oral English?
2. Are practical Oral Exercises necessary in the instruction of Oral English?

• Do the instructors’ qualifications affects the instructions of Oral English?

1.5     RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

1. There is no significant relationship between good instructional materials and students performance in Oral English.
2. Practical Oral Exercises are not necessary in the instruction of Oral English.

• Noise is not inimical to the instruction of Oral English.

1. Instructors’ qualification does not affect the instruction of Oral English.

1.6     SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF STUDY

First, the researcher will focus his inquiry on investigating the factors affecting the instructions of Oral English.Secondly, the researcher will limit his work to ten selected secondary schools in Osogbo Local Government Area of Osun State. These include:

Ataoja School of Science Osogbo

Laro High School, Osogbo

Osogbo High School, Osogbo

Baptist High School, Osogbo

Oroki Middle School, Osogbo

St’ Charles High School Osogbo

Ifeolu Middle School Osogbo

African High School Osogbo

Good Tidings Standard Collegiate Osogbo

Gof International College Osogbo

1.7     SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This study will be beneficial to the following:

The Secondary School Students in Osogbo Local Government Area and other students in Osun State

Principals and proprietors of secondary schools within and outside Osogbo Local Government Area

Teachers of Oral English in secondary Schools in Osogbo Local Government;

Ministry of Education in Osogbo Local Government Area;

Osun State Universal Basic Education Board; and

Osun State Ministry of Education, and so on.

1.8     OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Factors:      Things or circumstances contributing to result.

Affecting:   Produce effect on or to bring about.

Quality:      Degree of excellence.

English:      The language, originally of England, now spoken in many countries and used as a language of international communication throughout the world.

Language: Use of words in agreed way as means of human communication.

Teaching:   Guidance or training given to someone.

Students:    A school pupil or a person studying at a place of higher education

Secondary School:        Level of education that comes after the basic or results from the primary education.