AN INVESTIGATION OF THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN RURAL AREAS IN CAMEROON

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

The management of solid waste is becoming an increasingly significant issue worldwide. Inadequate management of solid waste can have detrimental effects on both the environment and human health (Vinti et al., 2021). The issue is especially crucial in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like Cameroon; in fact, these regions often encounter more economic and technical challenges compared to industrialised countries (Velis et al., 2021). In addition, individuals residing in rural regions frequently face supplementary obstacles that complicate the management of solid waste (Tesseme et al., 2022). However, rural areas have been impacted by the introduction of modern products and the subsequent generation of new types of garbage. Plastic and electronic garbage can be found in the circumstances mentioned (Vinti et al., 2021). Regrettably, those residing in rural regions frequently lack the necessary knowledge and resources to effectively handle solid waste and resort to hazardous methods like open burning or waste disposal (Salhofer et al., 2021). While several rural communities have made efforts to utilise garbage as a resource, extract valuable materials, and boost their income, it is worth noting that in many instances, they have employed environmentally harmful methods (Cook et al., 2020).

Furthermore, it has been calculated that solid waste is responsible for around 5% of the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions released into the atmosphere. This highlights the sector's significance in combating climate change through the implementation of suitable policies (Gomez et al., 2022). However, solid waste disposal locations around the world are susceptible to rising climate change phenomena, such as heightened precipitation and wind velocity (Fei et al., 2021). In addition, there are significant disparities between rural regions in low- and high-income nations. One notable difference is the worse quality of road infrastructure in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), which contributes to the isolation of rural people in these places. Furthermore, there are notable differences in waste properties, and the strategies for managing solid waste (SWM) are less effective (Kaza et al., 2018). In their study, Han et al. (2018) discovered a direct association between the rate of domestic waste generation and the gross national income per capita in rural areas. However, it is important to note that the study revealed a relatively weak correlation, with an R2 value of 0.3024. In a recent study, Gómez-Sanabria et al. [2022] made projections for municipal solid waste (MSW) generation until 2050 in urban and rural areas of each continent. The authors postulated many scenarios based on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. Unsurprisingly, the generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) in rural areas consistently had the lowest levels.

It is important to emphasise that over 45% of the global population resided in rural regions in 2018, which accounted for around two-thirds of the individuals in low- and middle-income countries (World Bank, 2021). However, the difficulties that impact solid waste management (SWM) in rural communities of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are generally not given enough recognition or importance (Han et al., 2018). Authors often prioritise the management of the organic component of solid trash. Patwa et al. (2020) did a comprehensive analysis on the characterisation and treatment technologies of solid waste in rural areas of India. They also examined case studies from other countries. However, their discussion solely focused on treatment solutions for the organic component, neglecting other waste categories and making the assumption that rural areas were devoid of toxic waste. However, there are other types of garbage that are very important in rural communities and may present additional dangers.

 Furthermore, Anwar et al. [2018] evaluated the waste management configuration that might best minimise costs for rural settlements in developing nations. The authors conducted a comparison of centralised, clustered, and decentralised Solid Waste management systems that utilise various technologies such as incineration, landfilling, and composting. They provided valuable data on the cost of each equipment used in these systems. Furthermore, their findings demonstrated that implementing an enhanced waste management system led to a higher overall profit. Specifically, adopting composting and other trash recycling methods proved to be more economically sustainable compared to relying on landfills. The findings of Araya-Córdova et al. [2021] can be combined with the results, emphasising the importance of effective policies in supporting recycling programs for the most vulnerable population, particularly those residing in rural areas. The policy considerations discussed by Araya-Córdova et al. [2021] seem suitable, especially considering the authors' observation that the insufficient economic resources at the national level in Solid Waste management could have a significant impact on rural areas. Nevertheless, the methodology and findings of Anwar et al. [2018] failed to consider important factors and seemed overly simplified. Indeed, individuals residing in rural areas often minimise the expenses related to waste management by engaging in unlawful dumping and uncontrolled burning of rubbish [9]. Consequently, the authors overlooked these hazardous yet cost-effective behaviours. 

However, the majority of the technical methods outlined by Anwar et al. [2018] may not be viable in rural villages in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) due to the limitations typically found in these regions. Organising a centralised garbage collection system in rural areas can be difficult because of the presence of unpaved roads. In addition, the availability of electricity is generally limited, and it is challenging to establish a waste recycling approach that is both technically, commercially, and environmentally viable [Kaygusuz, 2017]. Therefore, it is necessary to thoroughly analyse site-specific strategies and suitable practices before carrying out their implementation. An effective strategy should be founded on the notion of the circular economy, which involves transforming things that have reached the end of their useful life into valuable resources and reducing the production of waste (Kaza et al., 2018). Therefore, trash reduction, reuse, and recycling are of utmost importance. He (2021) emphasised the significance of acquiring proficiency in Solid Waste Management (SWM) and treatment specifically in rural regions of emerging nations.

The issues associated with solid waste management in rural parts of Cameroon are particularly severe due to a combination of socio-economic, infrastructural, and institutional variables. The difficulties mentioned have substantial ramifications for the promotion of sustainable development, public health, and the general standard of living in these areas (Taghipour, 2017). Insufficient infrastructure and resources in rural parts of Cameroon hinder the efficient management of solid waste. Rural areas encounter significant challenges in waste management compared to urban centres, where waste management systems, although still insufficient, are relatively more advanced. The challenges encompass restricted availability of garbage collection services, insufficient transportation infrastructure, and a prevailing lack of knowledge regarding appropriate waste disposal methods (Murad et al., 2018). Consequently, prevalent practices of improper waste disposal, such as open dumping, burning, and burying, have detrimental effects on the ecosystem, including degradation, pollution, and health risks (Ziraba et al., 2018). This study aims to examine the issues related to solid waste management in rural areas of Cameroon.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Cameroon, like many other countries, faces a significant environmental and public health challenge in managing solid waste. The issues associated with solid waste management in rural parts of Cameroon are particularly noticeable due to a combination of socio-economic, infrastructural, and institutional factors (Moreno et al., 2021). These difficulties have substantial ramifications for the promotion of sustainable development, public health, and the overall well-being in these communities.

Cameroon's rural communities frequently suffer from inadequate infrastructure and resources to efficiently handle solid waste management. Rural areas encounter significant challenges in waste management compared to urban centres, where waste management systems, although still insufficient, are relatively more advanced. These factors encompass restricted availability of garbage collection services, insufficient transportation infrastructure, and a widespread lack of knowledge regarding appropriate waste disposal methods (Taghipour, 2017). Consequently, prevalent ways of improper garbage disposal, such as open dumping, burning, and burying, contribute to environmental deterioration, pollution, and health risks (Ziraba et al., 2018). The economic realities in rural Cameroon worsen the matter even more. Numerous communities face the challenge of poverty, which hampers their capacity to allocate resources towards the development of waste management systems. Furthermore, the lack of established waste management practices in these regions results in the absence of organised procedures for garbage collection, sorting, and recycling (Lestari et al., 2023). The management of this informal system is usually overseen by local individuals or organisations who have limited resources and experience, which poses difficulties in implementing efficient waste management techniques (Kerdsuwan et al., 2019).

Bonoli et al. (2021) argue that institutional challenges are also a major factor contributing to the ineffectiveness of waste management un rural Cameroon. Frequently, there is an absence of explicit laws, legislation, and methods for enforcing waste management standards. Moreover, the allocation of waste management duties is occasionally divided among various governmental entities, resulting in inefficiencies and a dearth of coordination (Bonoli et al., 2021; Hale, 2019). According to Abanga (2021), cultural influences can have an impact on waste management techniques in rural communities. The adherence to conventional practices and mindsets about garbage can impede the acceptance and implementation of contemporary and ecologically conscious approaches. An example of this is the notion that waste is not a big issue until it reaches a point where it cannot be effectively dealt with. This view might hinder the timely adoption of critical actions (Dante, 2019). Considering these difficulties, it is essential to conduct a comprehensive examination of the issues related to solid waste management in rural regions of Cameroon.

Objectives of the study

The primary objective of this study is to critically Investigate the Problems Associated with Solid Waste Management in Rural Areas in Cameroon. Specific objectives of this study are to:

To determine the current methods and practices for solid waste management in rural areas of Cameroon

To identify the problems faced by rural communities in managing solid waste in Cameroon

To assess the environmental consequences of inadequate solid waste management in rural areas in Cameroon.

To suggest practical solutions and strategies to improve solid waste management in rural areas in Cameroon.

1.4 Research Questions

The following research questions which are in line with the objectives of this study will be answered in this study:

What are the current methods and practices for solid waste management in rural areas of Cameroon?

What are the problems faced by rural communities in managing solid waste in Cameroon?

What are the environmental consequences of inadequate solid waste management in rural areas in Cameroon?

What are the practical solutions and strategies to improve solid waste management in rural areas in Cameroon?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

To determine the effectiveness of this study, the following research null hypotheses will be formulated to guide the study and it will be tested at 0.05% levels of significance.:

Ho: Rural communities faces no significant challenge in managing solid waste in Cameroon.

Ha: Rural communities faces significant challenges in managing solid waste in Cameroon.

1.6 Significance of the study

The project is significant because it has the potential to enhance public health and environmental conditions, influence policy-making, empower local communities, serve as a model for other places, and promote collaborative and innovative approaches to managing solid waste.

Effective waste management can greatly mitigate the transmission of illnesses and infections associated with inadequate garbage disposal. The study seeks to enhance public health outcomes in rural communities by identifying and resolving concerns in waste management methods. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of the existing health hazards linked to insufficient waste management might facilitate the development of focused health interventions and preventive strategies.

Furthermore, the implementation of efficient solid waste management is essential for safeguarding natural resources and upholding environmental integrity. This study aims to provide insights into the environmental consequences of existing waste management methods and propose strategies to alleviate pollution and deterioration. The project aims to encourage the adoption of ecologically sound waste management methods that are feasible and enduring in rural areas.

Moreover, the study's findings can offer significant perspectives for policymakers and local government authorities. This can facilitate the development of more effective waste management laws and regulations specifically designed to meet the requirements of rural communities. The analysis can facilitate more efficient distribution of cash and resources for waste management initiatives by identifying deficiencies in infrastructure and resources.

Moreover, the study has the potential to enhance public consciousness regarding the significance of waste management and enable local communities to actively participate in enhancing their waste management strategies. The results can be utilised to create educational initiatives that educate locals about appropriate garbage disposal techniques and the advantages they offer. The study has the potential to promote cooperation among government agencies, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and local communities, thereby facilitating a more synchronised approach to trash management. The study aims to identify the unique issues encountered in rural areas, with the intention of stimulating the development of creative solutions and technology that are specifically designed to address the requirements of these communities.

Furthermore, this study will contribute valuable data to the existing body of research on the examination of issues related to the management of solid waste in rural areas in Cameroon and comparable situations. The findings may pinpoint specific areas that require additional investigation, offering guidance for future research efforts in the field of waste management and waste practices.

1.7 Scope of the study

Broadly, this study focus is to critically Investigate the Problems Associated with Solid Waste Management in Rural Areas in Cameroon. Specifically, this study seeks to determine the current methods and practices for solid waste management in rural areas of Cameroon and identify the problems faced by rural communities in managing solid waste in Cameroon. 

Further, this study will focus on assessing the environmental consequences of inadequate solid waste management in rural areas in Cameroon and it also seeks to suggest practical solutions and strategies to improve solid waste management in rural areas in Cameroon.

 The study is carried out in Cameroon. 

1.8 Limitations of the study

During the examination, the researchers observed specific minor limitations, which are typical in every human activity. The primary constraint was the dearth of comprehensive literature on the topic, stemming from the paucity of data on Investigation of the Problems Associated with Solid Waste Management in Rural Areas in Cameroon. Hence, a substantial investment of time and effort was required to ascertain the suitable materials, books, or information and collect data. 

Moreover, this study is limited by its limited sample size and restricted geographic range, specifically concentrating on Cameroon. Hence, the ability to extend the conclusions of this study to a wider scope is limited, emphasizing the necessity for more research. 

Furthermore, the researcher's shortcomings were mostly attributed to financial restraints, as they are a student who lacks the necessary financial resources to support themselves. The excessively high transportation fees at the research site presented a difficulty in fulfilling the financial responsibilities associated with transportation costs.

In addition, the researcher encountered a time limitation as a result of the necessity to do this research while concurrently meeting the responsibilities of attending lectures and engaging in other educational endeavors.

1.9 Definition of terms

Solid waste: solid waste" means any garbage or refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material, resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from community activities.

Solid waste management: The term solid waste management mainly refers to the complete process of collecting, treating and disposing of solid wastes. In the waste management process, the wastes are collected from different sources and are disposed of. This process includes collection, transportation, treatment, analysis and disposal of waste.