AN ASSESSMENT OF FLOOD EXPERIENCES AND ITS EFFECT ON THE MENTAL WELLBEING OF VICTIMS IN LAGOS ISLAND(EVIDENCE FROM 2024)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Flooding is the most prevalent type of disaster worldwide, accounting for about half of all casualties and economic losses caused by natural disasters (Alderman, Turner & Tong, 2022). Anticipated consequences of elevated sea levels and heightened precipitation events include a surge in the occurrence and severity of flooding incidents (Ramin & McMichael, 2019). Furthermore, as urbanisation continues to grow, a larger population will be susceptible to flooding incidents (Adewuyi et al., 2023). While there is conflicting evidence regarding the correlation between floods and suicide and substance abuse, it is clear that there is a potentially negative impact on mental health. This impact manifests as increased levels of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression. However, this impact is observed in both developed and developing countries (Fernandez et al., 2022). 

Studies have indicated a range of 8.6% to 53% in the occurrence of psychiatric problems among flood victims over the first two years after the floods (Heo et al., 2018). These floods contributes to some of the physical ailments encountered by victims, in addition to causing psychological distress.  Research has also discovered that the most significant psychosocial consequences are long-lasting, gradual, and occur alongside other conditions (Friel  et al., 2021). Additionally, individuals who observe a natural catastrophe may face the risk of sustaining severe bodily harm, the possibility of death or actual loss of life, and enduring financial hardship. These circumstances often lead to a decline in the mental and social well-being of the affected individuals. The flood victims in Lagos Island were significantly exposed to these dangers, which increased their susceptibility to developing psychological disorders. In July 2024, Lagos state saw catastrophic floods in numerous regions due to heavy rainfall. The floods had an impact on both the mainland and coastal areas of the city. A significant portion of the metropolitan areas in the Island were inundated with water. Consequently, there were significant economic, housing, and ecological damages. 

In recent years, researchers have shown significant interest in exploring the correlation between natural disasters and both mental and physical health. However, multiple studies have demonstrated a correlation between psychological issues and the occurrence of a disaster among various groups of individuals who were directly affected by the disaster, including the victims and the rescuers (Norris, et.al 2018; Stevens & Stone, 2018; Pynoos et. al, 2017). Similarly, there was data indicating that, in addition to the immediate physical impacts of injury and pain, victims also encountered physical difficulties.

According to National Centre for Children Exposed to Violence [NCCEV]  (2021), the victims of flooding incidences commonly experience fear, anxiety, sensitivity, and wrath as reactions to the traumatic event. Nevertheless, the impact on the victims varies depending on their age, gender, and geographical location. Davidson's research (2018) indicates that women had a higher likelihood of developing PTSD, with rates ranging from 10-14%, compared to men with rates of 5-6%. Moreover, in regions prone to frequent natural disasters such as floods, the residents are likely to be better equipped, both mentally and physically, to handle such calamities. Therefore, their responses would be less consequential following the incident of the catastrophe. Nevertheless, individuals residing in regions with few flood occurrences may still have substantial impacts. Although, the effects may be more significant for individuals who are children, adolescents, adults, and elderly individuals who are already experiencing psychological conditions such as depression, anxiety, and other psychological disorders. Therefore, a survey will be conducted in order to assess on flood experiences and its effect on the mental wellbeing of victims in Lagos Island.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Flooding incidents frequently result in mental health complications, including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and other stress-induced disorders. Flood victims often experience a profound sense of insecurity and powerlessness due to the abrupt loss of their houses, personal belongings, and means of making a living, as well as the worry of future flooding occurrences. However, research on the psychological consequences of natural catastrophes, such as flooding, has consistently demonstrated substantial mental health impacts on the impacted communities (Lowe et al., 2023). 

Studies undertaken in multiple global regions, including Nigeria, suggest that individuals affected by floods frequently encounter elevated levels of stress, anxiety, and depression following these incidents. Also, an investigation of the psychological consequences of flooding in Nigeria discovered that individuals who were impacted displayed symptoms consistent with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Oyeyemi et al. (2023) asserts that many of these individuals continued to experience disturbing memories and emotional detachment for an extended period of time even after the floodwaters had subsided.

Furthermore, Fothergill et al (2021) investigated the psychological impacts of residing in areas prone to recurrent flooding and the subsequent influence on mental well-being. They analyzed the types of support that are considered effective in reducing psychological risks. The study revealed that ongoing flood danger is regarded as a notable source of stress, irrespective of prior encounters with flooding. While communities of Lagos Island have devised diverse coping mechanisms and resilience techniques to address the considerable mental health difficulties caused by floods. Social support networks, religious rituals, and community solidarity frequently serve crucial functions in assisting individuals in managing the psychological strain caused by flooding (Oyeyemi et al., 2023). 

Nevertheless, even casual strategies for dealing with stress may not be adequate for addressing the more profound mental health problems that emerge. Hence, it is in the light of these that the study seeks to assess on flood experiences and its effect on the mental wellbeing of victims in Lagos Island.

 1.3  Objectives of the Study

The main purpose of this study is to assess on flood experiences and its effect on the mental wellbeing of victims in Lagos Island. Specifically, the study will;

1.Assess the factors contributing to flooding in Lagos State.

2.Assess the experiences of Lagos Island residents on the dangers caused by flood in the area.

3.Analyze how flood has affected the mental wellbeing of flood victims in Lagos Island.

4.Proffer recommendation on how to prevent and manage flood cases in Lagos state.

1.4  Research Questions

The following questions have been prepared for the study:

What are the factors contributing to flooding in Lagos State?

What are the experiences of Lagos Island residents regarding the dangers caused by floods in the area?

How has flooding affected the mental well-being of flood victims in Lagos Island?

What are the recommendation on how to prevent and manage flood cases in Lagos state.

1.5 Research Hypotheses

H0: Flood experiences have no significant effect on the mental well-being of victims in Lagos Island.

Ha: Flood experiences have a significant effect on the mental well-being of victims in Lagos Island.

1.6 Significance of the Study

This study will identify the specific mental health challenges faced by flood victims and provide realistic strategies for persistent mental health assistance, such as community-centered therapy services and support networks, for those affected by flooding. Additionally, community leaders will use the research to advocate for better mental health resources and support for flood-affected populations in the state.  Furthermore, this study will contribute to the academic fields of  psychology, mental health, and environmental studies. This means that other students who may decide to conduct studies in this area will have the opportunity to use this study as available literature that can be subjected to critical review. 

1.6 Scope of the study   

The scope of this study is boarded on flood experiences and its effect on the mental wellbeing of victims in Lagos Island. Empirically, this study will assess the factors contributing to flooding and  the experiences of residents on the dangers caused by flood in the area.

Geographically, the study will be delimited to residents of Lagos Island.

1.7 Limitation of the study

In the course of carrying out this study, the researcher experienced some constraints, which included time constraints, financial constraints, language barriers, and the attitude of the respondents. In addition, there was the element of researcher bias. Here, the researcher possessed some biases that may have been reflected in the way the data was collected, the type of people interviewed or sampled, and how the data gathered was interpreted thereafter. The potential for all this to influence the findings and conclusions could not be downplayed. More so, the findings of this study are limited to the sample population in the study area, hence they may not be suitable for use in comparison to other schools, local governments, states, and other countries in the world.

 1.9 Definition of Terms

Flood: The overflow of water onto normally dry land due to heavy rainfall, poor drainage systems, or other contributing factors.

Disaster: Is a sudden, catastrophic event that causes significant disruption, damage, or destruction, often resulting in loss of life, property, and resources.

Mental health: A person's emotional, psychological, and social well-being.

Flood victims: Are individuals or communities affected by flooding events.