ABSTRACT

A study was conducted to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) value of dried leaves of cassava (Manihot esculenta), siam weed (Vernoma amygdalina)and bitterleaf (Chromolaena odorata). In determining the ME values, the substitution method was adopted and the basal diet which was a standard broiler finisher diet containing about 3000Kcal/kg ME and about 20.0% crude protein (CP) constituted the diet 1. In diet 2,3,4, Siam weed leaf meal (SLM), Bitter leaf meal (BLM) and cassava leaf meal (CLM) replaced 20% of the basal diet (that is 80% basal + 20% leaf meal). Birds (6 weeks old) were placed in metabolic cagesfor collection of excreta. Excreta was collected from each replicate for three consecutive days, weighed, dried and analyzed. From the ME of the basal and substituted diets, the AME of the test ingredient were determined by means of Algebraic equation. The result obtained showed that feed intake was highest with control, followed by CLM, SLM and BLM respectively.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page..........ii

Abstract..........iii

Acknowledgment.........iv

Certification..........v

Dedication..........vii

Table of contents .........viii

Lists of tables..........x

CHAPTER ONE 

Introduction.........1

1.1Objectives .........3

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review........4

Energy.........4

Determination of metabolizable energy.....5

Factors affecting energy metabolizable energy....8

Energy value of some leaf meals......9

CHAPTER THREE

Material and Method........11

Site of Study .........11

Source of Test Material.......11

Housing and Management of birds......11

Experimental Design and Methodology.....12

Statistical Analysis........15

CHAPTER FOUR

Results.........16CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion.........19

CHAPTER SIX

Conclusion and Recommendation ......20

References..........21

Appendices ..........24

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Percentage Composition of Control (basal) diet....13

Table 2: Performance Characteristic of broiler chicken (6 weeks of age) 

during balance studies.......17

Table 3: Proximate Composition of the Diets Used For the Assay...18

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION 

Global consumption of poultry products, especially poultry meat has consistently increased over the years and the trend is expected to czontinue. Much of the increase in global demand for poultry industry is having a profound effect on the demand for feed and raw materials. However, it is also becoming clear that the requirement for the four traditional (conventional) feed ingredients cannot be met. The gap between local supply and demand for these traditional ingredients is expected to widen over the coming decades, providing a compelling reason for exploring the usefulness of locally available alternative feed stuffs in feed formulations. In Nigeria, commercial poultry production is one of the highest sources of animal protein, but the challenge faced by the industry mainly is the availability, on sustainable basis, of feed and feed ingredients. Thus making alternative feedstuff an option to be given a serious and concerted consideration, since they are most times relatively cheaper and readily available.

Alternative feed ingredients can be whole products, by products processing industries. They can as well be part of a crop that is not mainly the reason of planting the crop, like the leaves of tuberous crops. Unconventional feed ingredients possess the advantage of low cost, ease of accessibility and low food-feed competition. Leaf meal obtained from otherwise less used leaves like cassava leaf and bitter leaf; and from a ‘nuisance’ weed Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed)have obvious potential in poultry diet, but their use have been negligible owing to constraints imposed by nutritional, technical and social factors. Nutritional factors like variability in nutrient quality; limited information on the availability of nutrients, high fibre content, presence of anti-nutritional factors, while amongst the technical factors include are seasonality; bulkiness, processing, detoxification and limited research and development facilities for determining nutrients composition and inclusion levels in poultry diets. The socio-economic aspect include competition with use as human food, poor prices relative to other arable crops (Farmers interest), cost per unit of energy or limiting amino acid, relative traditional feedstuffs (Feed manufacturer’s interest), and cost of processing. There has been keen interest in evaluation alternative feed resources over the years, and a proliferation of published data especially from developing nations. However most of these research works on the use of alternative feedstuff are concerted on their proximate composition with little emphasis on their energy composition determination. Energy determination, especially metabolizable energy is necessary since the relationship between energy requirement and intake is the cornerstone of practical diet formulation. By combining feedstuffs to produce diet with predetermined nutrient, energy ratios, the intake of nutrients can be regulated. The effectiveness of diet formulated is this determine by accuracy and precision of the data describing the energy requirement of poultry and available energy concentrations in feeds.

1:1 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

To determine metabolizable energy values of cassava leaf meal (Manihot esculenta), bitter leaf meal (Vernonia amygdalina), as well as Siam weed leaf meal (Chromolaena odorata).