ENHANCING CORPORATE   ACCOUNTABILITY THROUGH

EFFECTIVE AUDIT SYSTEM

Ability to report back the conclusion of an assignment of the progress made so far to the person(s) who delegated the authority to the performer of an assignment, duty or function, has for decades eluded this nation both in the private and public responsibilities to be performed and performed and reported back has been carried out as accomplished. The lack of accountability leads to many vices in our social and economic system. The objectives of this study therefore are: (a) To ascertain the determine the role of independent audit towards accountability in an organization (b) To determine if independent audit can control fraud and embezzlement. The primary data sources (the questionnaire) collected response from thirty two (32) respondents out of forty (40) that was sampled. Data collected through primary sources were analyzed on tables using percentages, three hypotheses were stated in null form and ere tested using the X2 statistics, simple percentages and the test revealed that audit enhances accountability in an organization and also help in controlling fraud, embezzlement and defalcation in an organization.  

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE- i

CERTIFICATION- ii

DEDICATION- ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT- iii

Abstract- iv

        1.0    Introduction-     -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -1

        1.1     Background of the study -     -           -           -           -           -           -1

        1.2     Statement of problem-           -           -           -           -           -           -5

        1.3     Objectives of the study -        -           -           -           -           -           -6

1.4          Research Hypothesis- - - - - - - -7

1.5          Significant of the study - - - - - - -7

        1.6    The Scope Of The Research -          -           -           -           -           -7

        1.7     Limitations Of The Study - -           -           -           -           -           -8

        1.8    Organzation Of Study -         -           -           -           -           -           -9       

        1.9     Definition of terms-     -           -           -           -           -           -          -10

        2.0    Review of related literature- -          -           -           -           -          -13

        2.1     What is an Audit? -      -           -           -           -           -           -          -13

        2.2     Who is an Auditor? - -            -           -           -           -           -          -15

2.3Qualification of an Auditor- - - - - - -16

2.4Appointment of an Auditor - - - - - - -16

        2.5    Objectives Of Auditing -       -           -           -           -           -          -17

        2.6    Audit Test -       -           -           -           -           -           -           -          -17

        2.7     Audit test-          -           -           -           -           -           -           -          -21

        2.8     Justification For Auditing - -          -           -           -           -          -24

        2.9    Standard of reporting -          -           -           -           -           -          -26

2.10Internal Control Concept              -           -           -           -           -          -27

          2.11Characteristics of satisfactory system of internal control-        -28

2.12Relationship between internal Auditing and internal control-    -29

          2.13Importance of internal control in Auditing -          -           -          -30

            2.14Internal Auditing defined - -              -           -           -           -          -31

           2.15Qualities of internal Auditors -          -           -           -           -          -33

          2.16Independence of internal Auditors -            -           -           -          -35

          2.17Measuring the performance of an internal Auditor-       -          -36

           2.18Relationship between internal and external Auditors- -            -37

          2.19Co-operation of internal and external Auditors- -            -          -38

           2.20Fraud defined- -             -           -           -           -           -           -          -39

          2.21Types of fraud- -            -           -           -           -           -           -          -39

        3.0    Introduction-     -           -           -           -           -           -           -          -44

        3.1     The Research design - -           -           -           -           -           -          -44

        3.2    Sources of Data-           -           -           -           -           -           -          -45

        3.3     Population and sample size- -           -           -           -           -          -45

        3.4     Data collection/instruments-            -           -           -           -          -45

3.5  Validity of resources- -     -           -           -           -           -           -47

3.6  Method of data Analysis-             -           -           -           -           -           -47

        3.7     Library Research-         -           -           -           -           -           -          -48

        4.1      Introduction-     -           -           -           -           -           -           -          -50

        4.2       Data Analysis- -            -           -           -           -           -           -          -52

        4.3      Test of Hypothesis-      -           -           -           -           -           -          -63

         4.3.1 Test of Hypothesis number I-            -           -           -           -          -63

         4.3.2 Test of Hypothesis number ii-           -           -           -           -          -68

4.3.3 Test of Hypothesis number iii-           -           -           -           -           -70

CHAPTER FIVE

        5.1     Summary of findings - -          -           -           -           -           -          -74

        5.2      Conclusion         -           -           -           -           -           -           -          -76

        5.3      Recommendations-     -           -           -           -           -           -          -76

        5.4      Bibliography-     -           -           -           -           -           -           -          -79

  Accountability in both public and private section has being an issue that is worth discussing due to its paramount and colossal impact to the overall performance of an organization.

  It (Accountability) has to do with reporting back action, task carried out by an individual to the authority who apportioned such function.

Accountability is the process or act of reporting back to a higher authority, body or individual the actions taken by a steward. It enables the person or persons reported to determine if the steward has acted or performed the assigned duties properly and satisfactory. It plays a major role in the success or failure of any business, particularly when the business is not managed by its owner.

Initially most business set-ups were managed by their owners. The owners’ manager was the sole financial contribution to the enterprise. But with the development in the scale and scope of business, a huge capital beyond that affordable by the sole individual or a family was needed. Consequently contributors (hereafter called shareholders) were required to raise the funds for the business. The emergence of these shareholders led to the divorce of the owner managers from the management of the business as all of them cannot be directors at the same time. This the management of business was entrusted to the hands of people who have no financial claims to the business and the shareholders  were sceptical about this particularly as the law does not permit them individually to go through the books of the company in their desire to keep abreast of the performance of the directors.

This skepticism aroused the need for surveillance over the activities of the non-owner managing directors. This bid to fulfil the later led to the engagement of third-party (an Auditor) to perform an audit of the company’s accounts.

Audit has since them received a lot of definitions and/or then received a lot of definitions and/or interpretations both from accounting bodies and auditors and their non-the-like. Justifiable is to say that audit has suffered a lot of misinterpretations. Most of the misgiving interpretations see it as being armed at fraud and error detection. But audit essentially involves much more than that. One of the most involved and of course the most acceptable definitions so far is that issued by the consultative council of accountability bodies (CCAB) which sees audit as “the independent examination and expression of opinion on the financial statement of an enterprise by an appointed auditor in pursuance of statutory obligation (Howard 1982:1).

Deductively, an audit is the objective scrutiny of someone’s work or presentation by a third party (an auditor) who is different from the users and the preparing of the presentation. The general essence of audit is to ascertain compliance of the firm’s records and operational policies with usefulness of acceptability of and the dependability on the firm’s financial statements.

Accountability as explained above has suffered some misconceptions, surprisingly in the hands of those who should have understood it better. Most of the lay men conceptual understanding of accountability relates it to „communicating about monetary matters (Odon, 1999:7) but accountability goes beyond that. According to the Webster encyclopaedia dictionary of English language (1995:110), accountability is defined as “the state of being accountable, answerable, liable or responsible” the same dictionary goes further to define accountable as “liable to pay or make good in case of loss; responsible to a trust, liable to be called to account, put in another way an much more related to the context in the articles Aba times of fourth September 1999 captioned “accountability in the third republic” it says

Accountability connotes answerability and stewardship, by answerability is meant answering for one’s actions and decisions (odon1999:7)   

Stewardship according to the article means service; it means that every leader should be responsible to the people who reposed trust in him. 

For accountability to be accorded its rightful place in an organization the writer believes that there is a high need for proper internal control measure and in addition, efforts should be made to ensure that company accounts are subjected to external and independent audits after each financial period. 

 The bible also records in chapter 25 verse 14-30 of saint Matthew gospel, the story of a rich man who went on a far journey entrusting the affairs to his servants and who when he returned, required the servants to answer individually, for their stewardship to the business while he was away. It in the same manner that it is required of the chief executives and directors of a company who are quite different from the real owners of the business to answer for their stewardship of the funds and property entrusted to them by the shareholders. It is desire for accountability that gave rise to what we know today as audit- a mechanism through which the shareholders are made abreast of the true and fair picture of the activities of the directors and chief executive of the company

        Sheffield risk management limited is located within the industrial layout area of Owerri, it is established as a private limited liability company, it is an incorporated company.

       The company is an insurance brokerage firm that serves as an intermediary between the insurer and the insured; they also serve as underwriter of insurance policies. The insurance policies in which Sheffield risks management limited act as intermediary between the insurer (insurance company) and the insured (client) or consultant to each or both include Life insurance, Car insurance, Burglary insurance, Motor vehicle insurance etc.

       According to the memorandum of understanding signed by the stake holders of Sheffield Risk Management, the company has its ownership structure as shown below out of the start-up capital of twenty two million naira

(₦22,000,000).

Shareholders

% Of shareholding

Nominal value (₦)

Mr. David Okolie

Barr Obumneme

Okonkwo

Mrs. Mary Nwosu

Barr O. Oluchukwu

Mr Okey Elendu

50

22

18

6

4

11,000,000

4,840,000

3,960,000

1,320,000

880,000

   Going by the memorandum and article of association of the company, it has provision for six member board which comprises of the chairman, general manager, company’s secretary, marketing manager, company’s accountant, company’s P.R